Simulation Review - 1188 Words

â€Å"Representing over 20 percent of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product and accounting for approximately $1.5 trillion in revenue, health care is the single largest industry in the U.S. today.† (University of Phoenix, 2015). However, it is a vulnerable industry. The facility we are looking at is in New York, where the third highest losses in the country occur because of numerous problems dealing with Medicare and Medicaid reimbursements, cuts in funding, and pressures for discounted managed care, amongst others. The facility is called Elijah Heart Center (EHC). First we looked at the capital shortage because in an emergency, the hospital might not have enough cash to sustain itself. The challenge was to decide on the best strategy to solve the†¦show more content†¦The simulator agrees. Once the capital shortage was dealt with and the new equipment was funded, we can now look forward toward capital expansion. The facility is seeing growth in patients and now wants to exp and. Deciding on funding sources for expansion is a big decision that carries many risks. The option I chose was the HUD 242 Loan Insurance Program. I chose it because the net present value (NPV) for the project was $221 million when funded this way. This also allows them to have better interest rates because it’s treated as an investment grade loan, versus a risky one. The simulation agreed and further added that â€Å"the advantage of these bonds is that they are callable after eight years. If interest rates were to go down, it would be profitable for EHC to buy back the bonds and reissue the debt at a lower cost† and â€Å"there are no deadlines for using the funds unlike Tax-Exempt Revenue Bonds and they do not have any foreclosure fees as in private banking funding.† (University of Phoenix, 2015) I enjoyed this simulation because it provides a glimpse into a real life situation that is part of being a facility manager. I learned a great deal from the summar ies provided by the simulation at the end of each section. I would have liked to have all the variables laid out before me and I think I would have made better decisions. But, I learned a lot from the information. Some of it was new to me like how the government reimburses less for procedures done on refurbishedShow MoreRelatedSimulation Review1150 Words   |  5 PagesSimulation Review Paper Kimberly Roehler HCS 405 September 26, 2011 Sandra DiPietro Simulation Review This is a stimulation review of a cardiac care unit that is facing working capital shortages. As the lead financial consultant brought into address the financial indicators and evaluate to bring working capital back to in order at the Elijah Heart Center (EHC). The other financial analyst will focused around addressing issues as they relate to this particular cardiac care unit; whatRead MoreSimulation Review Paper1075 Words   |  5 Pages1 Administrative Ethics Paper Shannan Eddings HCS/335 December 10, 2011 Joann Wilcox In the healthcare field there are many institutions that specialize in different methods of treatment such as a nursing assistant, dentist, pathologist, psychiatrist and physical therapists to name a few. With these different jobs and countless employees in the medical profession, there are plenty of patients to be cared for because everyone needs medical attention no matter if it is a broken arm or gettingRead MoreThe Difference Between Bisimulation And Forced Simulation1266 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Review: The difference between Bisimulation and Forced Simulation Haowei Zheng hzhe024@aucklanduni.ac.nz 1. INTRODUCTION Currently, component reuse techniques have become more and more important for handling the rapidly increasing complexities of component based embedded system. Bisimulation is a well-known technique which has been proposed in the very early stage of simulation development. It provides the functionality of checking for process equivalent in process algebras. ManyRead MoreEssay on Effectiveness of Scenario Based Simulation Training 1579 Words   |  7 Pagesprograms to seek alternative methods of clinical instruction. In years past simulation training was used as an aid to facilitate learning. Today, for many nursing programs scenario based simulation is the only option for learning patient care. Which brings about the question as to just how effective is simulation training? According to Kneebone, Nestel, Vincent, Darzer (2007), â€Å"To be effective, however, such simulation must be realistic, patient-focused, structured, and grounded in an authenticRead MoreA Study On Advancing Entrepreneurial Skills And Abilities Through The Use Of Simulation Games On Secondary Shool Business Education1206 Words   |  5 Pages KEABETSWE PHUTHEGO 200903371 ELB 504 GUIDED STUDY IN BUSINESS EDUCATION TOPIC: ADVANCING ENTREPRENEURIAL SKILLS AND ABILITIES THROUGH THE USE OF SIMULATION GAMES IN SECONDARY SHOOL BUSINESS EDUCATION DUE DATE: 8 APRIL 2016 INTRODUCTION What can we as teachers do to influence our learners to become entrepreneurs? The government of Botswana has been over the years working tirelessly in trying to curb unemployment more especially among the youth, as well as motivating them to venture intoRead MoreSimulating The Entire Learning Environment, To Be Used1288 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunity: how can a system designer design, implement, and validate a simulation to be used in evaluating adaptive support systems for doctoral learners. My proposed research aims to address this gap by depicting the design process, implementation, validation, and use of a simulation model for em-pirical evaluation of various personalized support strategies for doctoral learners. While the long-term goal is to show how simulation can be used to evaluate the design process of advanced learning technologiesRead MoreHcs 405 Simulation Review Essay1282 Words   |  6 PagesSimulation Review Essay Macy Skalski HCS/405 Health Care Financial Accounting University of Phoenix- AXIA Instructor Sherida Douglass November 19, 2012 Simulation Review Essay The Elijah Heart Center is facing the financial distress common in specialized health care organizations. This is the combination of the need for improved technology, a reduced income, and the demand for expansion. Without the needed technology and expansion, there is little that the hospital can do to improve theRead MoreEssay on Simulation Review: Hcs/4051236 Words   |  5 PagesSimulation Review Janette E. Guevara HCS/405 August 26, 2013 Todd Brown Simulation Review I have been brought in as a financial advisor to assist Mr. Gilbert Sanchez, CEO at Elijah Heart Hospital (EHC) to find some cost efficient ways to continue to provide quality care but at the same time reduce costs for the organization. EHC is a hospital that specializes in Cardiac surgeries and procedures. They would like to expand and have a promising growth in patients as well as revenue, but withRead MoreSimulation Of Nursing Education : A Literature Review1712 Words   |  7 PagesSimulation in Nursing Education: A Literature Review Teachers are champions of learning. They work endlessly to push students to succeed and grow. They teach them to be better readers, writers, mathematicians, scientist, historians and artists. Teachers are constantly evaluating what they can do to help their students learn and to achieve personal goals, life goals, and become productive members of society. However, not all learners have the same learning style and not all teachers have the sameRead MoreThe Importance Of Emergency Intervention And Management Services6296 Words   |  26 Pages CCRN – ECMO specialist. This team, along with our team liaison, Hunter Rich, MHA, RN, have devoted countless hours researching, brainstorming and trialing a multitude of simulation scenarios and methods with staff and providers. Their deliberate planning and expertise will lead to a lasting and successful line of simulation environment aimed at benefiting our pediatric patients on ECMO services with the best possible outcome  œ life. Table of Contents Acknowledgements 2 Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8

Computers in Modern Manufacturing Free Essays

COMPUTERS IN MODERN MANUFCTURING INTRODUCTION: Computers play invaluable role in modern manufacturing. In fact, nearly all modern manufacturing support systems are implemented using computer systems through automation. It reduces manual work in manufacturing and production. We will write a custom essay sample on Computers in Modern Manufacturing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Computer Integrated Manufacturing(CIM) is the terminology used to describe the complete automation of a manufacturing plant. CIM involves integrating the functions of designing products, production planning, operational control and business-related functions in one system that operates throughout the enterprise. All of the processes function under computer control. Digital information ties them altogether. The different computer controlled processes are as follows: -aided design , computer-aided manufacturing CAD/CAM: The heart of CIM is CAD/CAM. Computer-aided design(CAD) denotes the use of computer systems to support the product design function. Using CAD, it is possible to simulate in three dimensions the movement of a part through a production process. Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) denotes the use of computer systems to perform functions related to manufacturing engineering, such as process planning and numerical control(NC) part programming. Some computer systems perform both CAD and CAM, and so the term CAD/CAM is used to indicate the integration of the two into one system. CAD/CAM is concerned with the engineering functions in both design and manufacturing. The method of manufacturing a product is a direct function of its design. Through CAD/CAM technology, it is possible to establish a direct link between product design and manufacturing engineering. They have together overcome traditional NC shortcomings in expense, ease of use, and speed by enabling the design and manufacture of a part to be undertaken using the same data encoding system. CAD/CAM has also given the designer much more direct control over the manufacturing process. ADVANTAGES: CAD/CAM enables manufacturers to reduce the costs of producing goods by minimizing the involvement of human operators. They enable manufacturers to make quick alterations to the product design and obtain instant results. Also there is no risk of human(repetitive) error. This finally results in lower operational costs, lower end product prices and increased profits for manufacturers. CAD/CAM systems also facilitate communication among those involved in design, manufacturing, and other processes. This is of particular importance when one firm contracts another to either design or produce a component. DISADVANTAGES: There are no means of comprehending real-world concepts in CAD systems, such as the nature of the object being designed or the function that object will serve. CAD systems function by their capacity to codify geometrical concepts. Thus the design process using CAD involves transferring a designer’s idea into a formal geometrical model. Thus CAD cannot build the exact design as it is on the designer’s mind. Also, there are several limitations of CAM. Setting up of infrastructure to begin with is very expensive. CAM requires not only NC machine tools themselves but also an extensive software and hardware to develop the design models and convert them into manufacturing instructions. The output from the CAM software is usually a simple text file of G-code, sometimes many thousands of commands long, that is then transferred to a machine tool using a direct numerical control (DNC) program. CAM packages still cannot reason like a machinist. The field of computer-aided management is fraught with inconsistency. While all numerical controlled machine tools operate using G-code, there is no universally used standard for the code itself. CAD systems tend to store data in their own proprietary format, so it can often be a challenge to transfer data from CAD to CAM software. There are some problems with CIM also. Existing equipment and software may be incompatible with each other leading to expensive updates or replacements. Extensive programming may also be required to produce optimal schedules and part sequence. CAE: Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) systems are very useful systems for engineering area. Integrated or independent CAE systems are used by design engineers and specialists. Computer simulation is very significant tool for designers. The reason is to understand to the behaviour of the technical systems before their prototype production. Therefore many analytical programmes have been created in the last thirty years for engineering area. These programmes are entitled as Computer Aided Engineering (CAE). UTILISATION OF CAD/CAM SYSTEMS PRO/ENGINEER: Pro/ENGINEER is full parameter 3D graphic CAD/CAM system, determined mainly for general manufacture engineering and for automation of design engineering. With graphical system Pro/ENGINEER is able to create fully, unambiguous and accurately spaced model of solid body simply and quickly. CONCLUSION: Utilisation of CAD/CAM systems is highly effective because it enables to reduce the process development time and the introduction of a new product in the market in a large scale. Recent technical developments have fundamentally impacted the utility of CAD/CAM systems. For example, the everincreasing processing power of personal computers has given them viability as a vehicle for CAD/CAM application. Another important development is the establishment of a single CAD-CAM standard, so that different data packages can be exchanged without manufacturing and delivery delays. REFERENCES: 1. Groover, M. P. : Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. USA, January 2000, Prentice Hall 2. Paper on Design for Engineering Unit # 6 Research and Development Annette Beattie August 10, 2006 3. www. wikipedia. com How to cite Computers in Modern Manufacturing, Papers

Nuclear Power Essay Summary Example For Students

Nuclear Power Essay Summary Radioactive wastes, must for the protection of mankind be stored or disposed in such a manner that isolation from the biosphere is assured until they have decayed to innocuous levels. If this is not done, the world could face severe physical problems to living species living on this planet. Some atoms can disintegrate spontaneously. As they do, they emit ionizing radiation. Atoms having this property are called radioactive. By far the greatest number of uses for radioactivity in Canada relate not to the fission, but to the decay of radioactive materials radioisotopes. These are unstable atoms that emit energy for a period of time that varies with the isotope. During this active period, while the atoms are decaying to a stable state their energies can be used according to the kind of energy they emit. Since the mid 1900s radioactive wastes have been stored in different manners, but since several years new ways of disposing and storing these wastes have been developed so they may no l onger be harmful. A very advantageous way of storing radioactive wastes is by a process called vitrification. Vitrification is a semi-continuous process that enables the following operations to be carried out with the same equipment: evaporation of the waste solution mixed with the additives necesary for the production of borosilicate glass, calcination and elaboration of the glass. These operations are carried out in a metallic pot that is heated in an induction urnace. The vitrification of one load of wastes comprises of the following stages. The first step is Feeding. In this step the vitrification receives a constant flow of mixture of wastes and of additives until it is 80% full of calcine. The feeding rate and heating power are adjusted so that an aqueous phase of several litres is permanently maintained at the surface of the pot. The second step is the Calcination and glass evaporation. In this step when the pot is practically full of calcine, the temperature is progressively increased up to 1100 to 1500 C and then is maintained for several hours so to allow the glass to elaborate. Th e third step is Glass casting. The glass is cast in a special container. The heating of the output of the vitrification pot causes the glass plug to melt, thus allowing the glass to flow into containers which are then transferred into the storage. Although part of the waste is transformed into a solid product there is still treatment of gaseous and liquid wastes. The gases that escape from the pot during feeding and calcination are collected and sent to ruthenium filters, condensers and scrubbing columns. The ruthenium filters consist of a bed of glass pellets coated with ferrous oxide and maintained at a temperature of 500 C. In the treatment of liquid wastes, the condensates collected contain about 15% ruthenium. This is then concentrated in an evaporator where nitric acid is destroyed by formaldehyde so as to maintain low acidity. The concentration is then neutralized and enters the vitrification pot. Once the vitrification process is finished, the containers are stored in a stor age pit. This pit has been designed so that the number of containers that may be stored is equivalent to nine years of production. Powerful ventilators provide air circulation to cool down glass.The glass produced has the advantage of being stored as solid rather than liquid. The advantages of the solids are that they have almost complete insolubility, chemical inertias, absence of volatile products and good radiation resistance. The ruthenium that escapes is absorbed by a filter. The amount of ruthenium likely to be released into the environment is minimal. Another method that is being used today to get rid of radioactive waste is the placement and self processingradioactive wastes in deep underground cavities. This is the disposing of toxic wastes by incorporating them into molten silicate rock, with low permeability. By this method, liquid wastes are injected into a deep underground cavity with mineral treatment and allowed to self-boil. The resulting steam is processed at ground level and recycled in a closed system. When waste addition is terminated, the chimney is allowed to boil dry. The heat generated by the radioactive wastes then melts the surrounding rock, thus dissolving the wastes. When waste and water addition stop, the cavity temperature would rise to the melting point of the rock. As the molten rock mass increases in size, so does the surface area. This results in a higher rate of conductive heat loss to the surrounding rock. Concurrently the heat production rate of radioactivity diminishes because of decay. When the heat loss rate exceeds that of input, the molten rock will begin to cool and solidify. Finally the rock refreezes, trapping the radioactivity in an insoluble rock matrix deep underground. The heat surrounding the radioactivity would prevent the intrusion of ground water. After all, the steam and vapour are no longer released. The outlet hole would be sealed. To go a little deeper into this concept, the treatment of the wastes befor e injection is very important. To avoid breakdown of the rock that constitutes the formation, the acidity of he wastes has to be reduced. It has been established experimentally that pH values of 6.5 to 9.5 are the best for all receiving formations. With such a pH range, breakdown of the formation rock and dissociation of the formation water are avoided. The stability of waste containing metal cations which become hydrolysed in acid can be guaranteed only by complexing agents which form water-soluble complexes with cations in the relevant pH range. The importance of complexing in the preparation of wastes increases because raising of the waste solution pH to neutrality, or slight alkalinity results in increased sorption by the formation rock of radioisotopes present in the form of free cations. The incorporation of such cations causes a pronounced change in their distribution between the liquid and solid phases and weakens the bonds between isotopes and formation rock. Now preparatio n of the formation is as equally important. To reduce the possibility of chemical interaction between the waste and the formation, the waste is first flushed with acid solutions. This operation removes the principal minerals likely to become involved in exchange reactions and the soluble rock particles, thereby creating a porous zone capable of accommodating the waste. In this case the required acidity of the flushing solution is established experimentally, while the required amount of radial dispersion is determined using the formula:R = Qt2 mn R is the waste dispersion radius (metres)Q is the flow rate (m/day)t is the solution pumping time (days)m is the effective thickness of the formation (metres)n is the effective porosity of the formation (%)In this concept, the storage and processing are minimized. There is no surface storage of wastes required. The permanent binding of radioactive wastes in rock matrix gives assurance of its permanent elimination in the environment. This is a method of disposal safe from the effects of earthquakes, floods or sabotages. With the development of new ion exchangers and the advances made in ion technology, the field of application of these materials in waste treatment continues to grow. Decontamination factors achieved in ion exchange treatment of waste solutions vary with the type and composition of the waste stream, the radionuclides in the solution and the type of exchanger. Waste solution to be processed by ion exchange should have a low suspended solids concentration, less than 4ppm, since this material will interfere with the process by coating the exchanger surface. Generally the waste solutions should contain less than 2500mg/l total solids. Most of the dissolved solids would be ionized and would compete with the radionuclides for the exchange sites. In the event where the waste can meet these specifications, two principal techniques are used: batch operation and column operation. .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 , .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 .postImageUrl , .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 , .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3:hover , .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3:visited , .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3:active { border:0!important; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3:active , .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3 .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uf94f90c3f79891bc25c2dbcc013861e3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Iron Jawed Angels EssayThe batch operation consists of placing a given quantity of waste solution and a predetermined amount of exchanger in a vessel, mixing them well and permitting them to stay in contact until equilibrium is reached. The solution is then filtered. The extent of the exchange is limited by the selectivity of the resin. Therefore, unless the selectivity for the radioactive ion is very favourable, the efficiency of removal will be low. Column application is essentially a large number of batch operations in series. Column operations become more practical. In many waste solutions, the radioactive ions are cations and a single column or series of columns of ca tion exchanger will provide decontamination. High capacity organic resins are often used because of their good flow rate and rapid rate of exchange. Monobed or mixed bed columns contain cation and anion exchangers in the same vessel. Synthetic organic resins, of the strong acid and strong base type are usually used. During operation of mixed bed columns, cation and anion exchangers are mixed to ensure that the acis formed after contact with the H-form cation resins immediately neutralized by the OH-form anion resin. The monobed or mixed bed systems are normally more economical to process waste solutions. Against background of growing concern over the exposure of the population or any portion of it to any level of radiation, however small, the methods which have been successfully used in the past to dispose of radioactive wastes must be reexamined. There are two commonly used methods, the storage of highly active liquid wastes and the disposal of low activity liquid wastes to a natural environment: sea, river or ground. In the case of the storage of highly active wastes, no absolute guarantee can ever be given. This is because of a possible vessel deterioration or catastrophe which would cause a release of radioactivity. The only alternative to dilution and dispersion is that of concentration and storage. This is implied for the low activity wastes disposed into the environment. The alternative may be to evaporate off the bulk of the waste to obtain a small concentrated volume. The aim is to develop more efficient types of evaporators. At the same time the decontamination factors obtained in evaporation must be high to ensure that the activity of the condensate is negligible, though there remains the problem of accidental dispersion. Much effort is current in many countries on the establishment of the ultimate disposal methods. These are defined to those who fix the fission product activity in a non-leakable solid state, so that the general dispersion can never occur. The most promising outlines in the near future are; the absorbtion of montmorillonite clay which is comprised of natural clays that have a goo d capacity for chemical exchange of cations and can store radioactive wastes, fused salt calcination which will neutralize the wastes and high temperature processing. Even though man has made many breakthroughs in the processing, storage and disintegration of radioactive wastes, there is still much work ahead to render the wastes absolutely harmless.

The Article Aims To Assess Whether Data Is Consistent With Critics Cl

The article aims to assess whether data is consistent with critics' claims on the effects of talk show viewing on the social reality beliefs of adolescents. Critics hypothesize the following negative effects occur (on adolescents) as a result of talk-show viewing: 1) a incessant focus on bizarre behavior and social deviance leading viewers to accept distorted versions of reality, 2) desensitization to the suffering of others occurs due to (regular) viewer immunity to graphic discussions and guest outbursts, 3) the trivialization of important social issues due to the oversimplification of difficult issues. In order to test the three hypotheses, a survey was administered to 282 high school students ranging in age from 13-18. Students answered questions about their attitudes towards social issues and related media use and talk show viewing behavior. The study analyses was limited to daytime television talk shows featuring non-celebrity individuals discussing their personal lives and pro blems. The authors the study based on the interpretive theory of communication. They attempted, through the survey, to uncover the ways in which talk-shows do/do not influence adolescents in arriving at their general meaning of social reality. Interpretive theories "describe the process whereby the active mind [the adolescents] uncovers the meanings of experience [bizarre topics] in whatever form it may take [talk-show viewing]. The results of the survey provided support for the first hypothesis, disputed the second and proved contrary to the third, actually establishing a positive relationship between talk-show viewing and the importance of social issues. Although talk-shows have an effect on adolescents, the data did not suggest that adolescents are corrupted by watching them. Stacey Davis and Marie-Louise Mares, "Effects of Talk Show Viewing on Adolescents," Journal of Communication, (1988) p.69-85.

Googles Instant Messaging review

Googles Instant Messaging review Free Online Research Papers Recently, Google has been making plans to start an instant messaging service. This is in response to the popularity of other instant messaging programs such as AIM, Skype, Vonage and other internet based platforms. There was speculation on whether Google was going to use the funds from its fairly recent 4 billion dollar stock sale to launch the program, although Google denies this. They say they are going to try and merge there way into the market and fund â€Å"Google Talk† with other firms offerings. A smart idea, seeing that many companies are trying to buy their way onto the Google â€Å"bandwagon†. In 2004, Google started their own e-mail service, dubbed â€Å"Gmail†. Many suggest that the new Google Talk software is the missing link in the overall success and future of Gmail. By integrating this instant messaging program with their already existing email program, Google hopes to lure more users to sign up for Gmail and thus use Google Talk. Obviously, if the plan works, they will draw huge new revenues with their already dominating advertising market. One big difference between Google Talk and other instant messaging providers such as Skype and Vonage, will be that it will not allow users to make phone calls to land lines or mobile phones. With the ongoing demand for this type of service, it could possibly be the weakest link in Google’s plan to eventually completely dominate the market. One important factor though, is that Google plans to expand its software so that users can communicate with others on different platforms such as AIM or Yahoo. Industry analysts and experts, however, warn that Google has a lot of ground to make-up in the competition with industry giants aforementioned. Research Papers on Google's Instant Messaging reviewAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperTwilight of the UAWPETSTEL analysis of IndiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRiordan Manufacturing Production PlanAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementDefinition of Export Quotas

Atlantic Slave

Even before the first humans on Earth, there has always been a constant change in the landscape. From the first cultivated fields of the Neolithic period to the great structures of the first dynasty in China, the landscape has ever been evolving. Arguably one of the most dynamic changes were those of Europe from the 1500-1 sass. During this time, cultural, social and economic beliefs were remodeled or evolved to help create the foundations of societies today.Out of the three areas the most influential were the economic changes which not only took place in Western Europe but throughout other continents s well. Most recognizable of these changes was the importance of slavery in the Atlantic World. Slavery in the Trans- Atlantic world referred to the use of people from Africa who had been captured and used for their labor to create goods for Europe. [I] Though there are multiple examples of the benefits, the real SUCCeSS was due to the economic factors which allowed the slave trade and slavery to expand from 1550- 1800. Through the Atlantic economy, increased trade through the colonization of the New World and also the interdependence of countries and diversity are the three factors that allowed the slave trade and slavery to grow in the Atlantic World as well as the increased wealth of Europeans. One of the factors that expanded the slave trade and slavery was the growth of the Atlantic economy through capitalism. Modern capitalism known today started around this time period. This meant that economic institutions such as banks and the stock market came to fruition. Ii] This capitalism then translated overseas with the collection of cash crops which boosted the Western European economy. In the third document for example there is an example of capitalism in action in the British West Indies. Iii] The sugar [cash crop] is in barrels which would have been shipped off to Europe where it would have been sold to people to create money to circle within the economy. Some may wonder how this boosted the economy if money was spent on these mills across the Atlantic. This is due to the use of slaves which were much cheaper and therefore cost effective for the countries in Europe.As shown in document 7, thousands of slaves were carried off to the New World to work at the mills and plantation field to produce goods for Europe. [iv] The number of slaves abroad the ship indicate that it has to be a large sell to hold many slaves during one trip. The reason they were so cheap was because African slaves were resistant to diseases more than the natives and also were more productive than them also. [v] Also they could serve fore a lifetime to one owner while previous settlers were indentured servants meaning they worked for a set amount of time; overall a better long- term investment which saved money. Vi] Another reason why they were in demand was because of the number of workers needed in a plantation for it to work. In the documents 4 and 5, the data shows exactly why African Slaves were a better than the natives Meridians) or any of the indentured s ervants. In document 3 it shows the different jobs that had to be done on the plantation. [vii] Due to the number of jobs that had to be filled not just once but by multiple people is was difficult to do so with Meridians who kept dying out due to the new diseases which made it harder to fill the spots available. Viii] The fifth document shows the birth and death rate that a plantation would have during this time. [ix] From the data given it makes more sense as to why a plantation owner would invest a lot of money initially buying slaves knowing hat they would save much more in the end. This is because with slaves that lasted longer, the need to replace them was less. The second factor which led to the expansion of slavery and the slave trade was the increase in trade due colonization of the New World.One of the big changes during this time was the number of people who started to explore new places such as the Americas. In document 6 for example, it shows a map of the new colonies created by the big nations in Europe at the time. [x] France for example has created New France in Canada and also down into Florida and Spain had a large portion Of Mexico and Southern America. [xi] These new colonizes helped create trade between the New and Old World. Government ventures landed money for explorers to set forth and trade in the West and elsewhere. Xii] This also led to the role of mercantilism in the Atlantic as well. They helped promote overseas trade between a country and its own colonizes. [xiii] As they controlled more trade, different trading companies began to emerge in response to mercantilism. The Dutch West Indian Company and the royal African Company chartered by their otherworld all participated in a system which included other non- European countries as well. This system was known as the Atlantic Circuit which was a clockwise network of trading links that moved goods, wealth and people around the Atlantic system. Xiv] This helped make the slave trade more efficient because now a vast amount of slaves could be transported to their specific destinations as requested by a country. As document 8 shows, the slaves which came from Africa each followed a specific route in the Atlantic Circuit. [w] tying in with document 4 the work that had to be done on the alienation was a lot and that is why with the help of city ports in Africa they were able to get a large number of slaves to help in the Americas. An example of the type of work they did can be seen in document 1. In this picture of the SST. Crosss Sugar Mills, the large numbers of slaves were able to make a lot of sugar which in turn meant more goods for the second leg of the circuit. [xvi] With this incentive, owners of the mills or plantations along with traders back home would continue to pay for more slaves to be deported for their services. Not only was there a demand for the work the slaves provided but also the totality during these trades led more slaves to be sent off as replacements. The conditions in these voyages were very harsh, with the captured slaves being abused, malnourished and gravely ill. Xvii] Document 2 shows just how high the number of these deaths in transit to their destinations was during the middle passage. [xviii] From the graphs shown, it is easy to understand why slaves would have to constantly replace. If slaves did not eventually die from being worked on the plantation or the mills they surely would have died in the middle passage where diseases like dysentery and malaria were meant. Referencing back to document 7, months of living on such a boat would surely weaken the slaves and constant abuse from the slave traders would make them more ill. Xix] The last factor which led to an expansion in the slave trade and slavery was the interdependence and diversity. The first reason it was able to expand so much was because of the reliance of many different countries that all contributed to one goal. Amsterdam for example, had one of the best financial institutions at the time which meant more people along with companies would invest their money there. [xx] These investments would hen be put into the ventures abroad like in the West Indies to help with the plantations. Exile Not only is that but the Atlantic Circuit an example of the growing interdependence between nations. As document 6 showed, the manufactured goods from the Americas would go to Western Europe where it would be traded for more slaves in exchange for the goods. [xii] This global market created a demand for many nations which spurred the further transport of slaves. What is also seen during this period is that not slaves during the time were of the same ethnicity. As document 9 shows, some laves which were captured has also been Muslim. Xiii] This meant that not only were the traders and companies diverse in the people they did business with but also slaves were ethnically diverse as well. This diversity however may have contributed to more slaves being transported. This is because in document 9 it explained how the Muslim slave had never been used to this sort of lifestyle and therefore could adjust well and handle to work which is why he was given back. [xiv] This might indicate this sort of lifestyle which had not been as popular in some societies might mean that the slaves used room these places would not be adjusting well into this lifestyle. Thus slave traders would need to have more slaves sent over to replace the ones who could not handle the work and had to be returned. The factors which led to the expansion of slavery and the slave trade in the Atlantic was because of the Atlantic Economy, increased trade with the New World and lastly the increase in interdependence and diversity. Capitalism which emerged during this time period helped provide money to start up plantations. The goods that it then produced was used to help boost the economy in Western Europe. The increased trade between nations helped create incentive to send over more.Through the Atlantic Circuit slaves were sent more efficiently and in bigger loads to earn even more goods to trade in the old World. Lastly the interdependence with different nations provided more money to be involved with colonizes abroad. The interdependence with these nations had also meant the source of their slaves also created diversity among them. The evidence provided gave a lot of insight into the slave trade however there are some pieces missing. Real life accounts of the slave traders ND how they felt may have also been useful.Other articles such as a daily schedule of a slave on plantations might have been useful in explaining how the slaves needed to be replaced due to the hard work. Overall, from what is given it is clear that the slave trade though not morally correct provided many benefits for the people of Europe. It is one of the main events in history which helped Western Europe so strong and feared.

Holocaust analysing genocide represented by Levi and Sartre Essay

Holocaust analysing genocide represented by Levi and Sartre - Essay Example Other cities will follow suit, precisely in this fashion, until all Germany has been completely cleansed of Jews.† (El-Shahawy, 148) According to eminent scholars like Yehuda Bauer, Raul Hilberg and lucy Dawidowicz the Nazi extermination of Jews and other inferior races following the Nazi definition in 1940s is the direct descendents of medieval programs. This holds merit owing to the fact that the German society and culture was fluxed with anti-Semitism from the Middle Ages. This hatred was directly translated into harassment and mass departure of the five hundred and twenty five thousand German Jews as soon as Hitler stormed into the power of Germany. The 1930s witnessed a series of laws passed against the Jews living in Germany that robbed them of their freedom and livelihood. Among these laws; the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service, the physician’s law and the farm law were notable ones. Though different in nature yet all these laws had one thi ng common in them to squeeze the Jews as much as possible. In later half of the 1930’s Jews were even prevented from attending schools and owning newspapers. The Nuremberg Laws of 1935 prevented the Jews from marrying a so-called Aryans. The law also barred Jews from civil service and robbed them off their citizenship along with their civil rights. However the inferno of hate that was swallowing the Jews at that time soon realised that law alone would not serve the desired goal and at that juncture the term final solution first time floated on the air. However many eminent Jew intellectuals left Germany before more strict steps were to be taken. The situation was lacking a spark to ignite and the 1938 assault of German diplomat Ernst vom Rath by Herschel Grunspan of Jewish nationality provided that. After the invasion of Poland after September 1939 by the Germany the resettlement of Jews became an important issue to the Germans and Ghettos follow suit at rail junctions as the first step to successful future measures of the Jew problem. In 1961 Adolf Eichmann in his testimony confirmed that future measure was nothing but the physical extermination of Jews or in other words the holocaust or genocide of Jew. (El-Shahawy, 147-157) The aforesaid discussion reveals the series of phenomenon that led to the Jew genocide by Germans during the Second World War. It is worth of exploring the inherent factors that remained embedded into these events. In this regard referring Jean Paul Sartre’s Anti Semite and Jew would be extremely important. Sartre opines that The anti Semites are actually mediocre person and the route of their mediocrity lies in their constant fear of loneliness that eventually led to their collective hatred of Jews. According to Sartre the hatred of the Jews by the Nazis is unreal and created and he observes, â€Å"If the Jew did not exist, the anti-Semite would invent him†¦Ordinarily hate and anger have a provocation†¦Anti-Semi tic passion could not have such a character.† (Sartre, 340) Sartre moves on to illustrate the actual inner being of an anti-Semite as rigid and blind folded to truth and reasoning. Furthermore he is constantly trying to close all the doors and windows to the outer world. According to Sartre an anti- Semite carries a self imposed character than a real one that gets provoked and irritated on others at his own wish â€Å"He has chosen also to be terrifying†¦

Eliminating Bias Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Eliminating Bias - Essay Example Both of these aspects of management bias send some signs of favorable predisposition on one group while the other group experiences unfairness, mistreatment and bitterness, which ultimately translate into poor performance. The reporting of these unfair treatments almost often goes futile with fear of being fired or increased discrimination. Management of human resource faces many challenges including management bias due to inherent human errors. Individual managers’ personality which is factor of several psychological development interactions is an issue almost beyond the junior worker’s control. This is therefore the reason why appropriate measures must be taken by the managers, to ensure that their management practices are favorable to all, regardless of their differences. Favoring one group of persons with respect to their different characteristics has been reported, indicating the extent to which these errors affect human resource management. Being a boss is one thing while exercising the best human resource management is yet another. Over several centuries, these errors have continually reduced productivity, at least until when the field of human resource management evolved to offer solutions (Wanq, 2010). Bias and unethical conduct are totally different things in management, since some aspects of its aspects are sub-conscious. The fact that management involves decision making on a high frequency than any other worker exposes managers to risks of being biased on several grounds. Causes of management bias could be weight, height, color, age, race or even ethnicity. Human resource management recognizes management bias as a conflict which must be resolved for performance enhancement. Conflict resolution means that the complete absence of the elements of conflicts may not be realized. It therefore necessitates the accommodation and utilization of the underlying forces of the conflict to a meaningful coexistence that enhances maximization of

The Writings of Shakespeare and Donne Essay Example for Free

The Writings of Shakespeare and Donne Essay The poems from William Shakespeare and John Donne that interest me are â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† and â€Å"The flea†. One of the main reason that I am writing about these two poems are because they are the only ones that I know of because that is what we talked about in class and I have never read poetry in my life. Poetry has always been difficult for me to read because of my mild case of dyslexia. I have to read the sentence a couple of times before I finally figure out what the writer is trying to say. Obviously I have heard of Shakespeare before and knew about his works that included Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Macbeth, and Julius Caesar. What I didn’t know was how successful and influential his poetry was. But unlike William Shakespeare, I have never heard about John Donne until the lecture a few days ago. After reading the two poems I believe that there are many similarities and differences in the style that both of these poets write. In â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day by William Shakespeare I certainly feel that the author is addressing a woman with whom he is truly in love. This is purveyed to me by the two strong opening lines, â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summers day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate†. Shakespeare starts the sonnet off with how strongly he loves this woman and then goes on to say â€Å"Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer’s lease hath all to short a date: Sometimes too hot the eye of heaven shines† Shakespeare is saying that even though he loves her, she is still not perfect. Afterwards he goes on to say, â€Å"But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st† which he is saying that her youth will not fade and that her beauty will always remain with her for the rest of her life. It ends with â€Å"So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee. † He is trying to say that as long as people are alive on the Earth, his feelings towards this woman will never change and will allow her to live forever. A poem we have studied and which also focuses on a similar situation to that of â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† is â€Å"The flea† by John Donne. In it he goes on to say that the flea has sucked both of their bloods and how they are now mingled together. He says, â€Å"This flea is you and I, and this Our marriage bed and marriage temple is† The man in the story believes that he and the woman are one with the flea and if she decides to kill the flea she would be killing the marriage between them. The poem ends with, â€Å"’Tis true; then learn how false fears be: Just so much honor, when thou yield’st to me, Will waste, as this flea’s death took life from thee. This means that if she were to sleep with him, she would lose no more honor than she lost when she killed the flea. The similarities between â€Å"The flea† and â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† are not quite as numerous as the differences. One of the main similarities is that both of the main characters are in love with a woman, even their love seems to be the opposite of each other. There are many differences in the way that Shakespeare and Donne write. Shakespeare is more in your face I guess you would say. He doesn’t use as much trickery as Donne does in his sonnet and is a lot easier to understand in my opinion. The tone in â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† seems to be more upbeat than in â€Å"The flea†. How Donne uses a flea and blood in his sonnet makes it seem more ominous. As you can see, they are many similarities and differences in the way that William Shakespeare and John Donne write in â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† and â€Å"The Flea†. Both of these poets had a long lasting impact upon Western Civilization and helped influence the English language all around the world. If someday I become hooked to reading poetry, I can look back and know these two poems are what got me addicted.

Use of Irony in Robert Frosts The Road Not Taken :: The Road Not Taken

Use of Irony in The Road Not Taken "The Road Not Taken," perhaps the most famous example of Frost’s own claims to conscious irony and "the best example in all of American poetry of a wolf in sheep's clothing." Thompson documents the ironic impulse that produced the poem as Frost's "gently teasing" response to his good friend, Edward Thomas, who would in their walks together take Frost down one path and then regret not having taken a better direction. According to Thompson, Frost assumes the mask of his friend, taking his voice and his posture, including the un-Frostian sounding line, "I shall be telling this with a sigh," to poke fun at Thomas's vacillations; Frost ever after, according to Thompson, tried to bring audiences to the ironic point, warning one group, "You have to be careful of that one; it's a tricky poem - very tricky" (Letters xiv-xv). Thompson's critical evaluation is simply that Frost had, in that particular poem, "carried himself and his ironies too subtly," so that the poem is, in effect, a f ailure (Letters xv). Yet is it simply that - a too exact parody of a mediocre poetic voice, which becomes among the sentimental masses, ironically, one of the most popularly beloved of Frost's "wise" poems? This is the easiest way to come to terms critically with the popularity of "The Road Not Taken" but it is not, perhaps, the only or best way: in this critical case, the road less traveled may indeed be more productive. For Frost by all accounts was genuinely fond of Thomas. He wrote his only elegy to Thomas and he gives him, in that poem, the highest praise of all from one who would, himself, hope to be a "good Greek": he elegizes Thomas as "First soldier, and then poet, and then both, / Who died a soldier-poet of your race." He recalls Thomas to Amy Lowell, saying "the closest I ever came in friendship to anyone in England or anywhere else in the world I think was with Edward Thomas" (Letters 220). Frost's protean ability to assume dramatic masks never elsewhere included such a friend as Thomas, whom he loved and admired, tellingly, more than "anyone in England or anywhere else in the world" (Letters 220). It might be argued that in becoming Thomas in "The Road Not Taken," Frost momentarily loses his defensive preoccupation with disguising lyric involvement to the extent that ironic weapons fail him. Use of Irony in Robert Frost's The Road Not Taken :: The Road Not Taken Use of Irony in The Road Not Taken "The Road Not Taken," perhaps the most famous example of Frost’s own claims to conscious irony and "the best example in all of American poetry of a wolf in sheep's clothing." Thompson documents the ironic impulse that produced the poem as Frost's "gently teasing" response to his good friend, Edward Thomas, who would in their walks together take Frost down one path and then regret not having taken a better direction. According to Thompson, Frost assumes the mask of his friend, taking his voice and his posture, including the un-Frostian sounding line, "I shall be telling this with a sigh," to poke fun at Thomas's vacillations; Frost ever after, according to Thompson, tried to bring audiences to the ironic point, warning one group, "You have to be careful of that one; it's a tricky poem - very tricky" (Letters xiv-xv). Thompson's critical evaluation is simply that Frost had, in that particular poem, "carried himself and his ironies too subtly," so that the poem is, in effect, a f ailure (Letters xv). Yet is it simply that - a too exact parody of a mediocre poetic voice, which becomes among the sentimental masses, ironically, one of the most popularly beloved of Frost's "wise" poems? This is the easiest way to come to terms critically with the popularity of "The Road Not Taken" but it is not, perhaps, the only or best way: in this critical case, the road less traveled may indeed be more productive. For Frost by all accounts was genuinely fond of Thomas. He wrote his only elegy to Thomas and he gives him, in that poem, the highest praise of all from one who would, himself, hope to be a "good Greek": he elegizes Thomas as "First soldier, and then poet, and then both, / Who died a soldier-poet of your race." He recalls Thomas to Amy Lowell, saying "the closest I ever came in friendship to anyone in England or anywhere else in the world I think was with Edward Thomas" (Letters 220). Frost's protean ability to assume dramatic masks never elsewhere included such a friend as Thomas, whom he loved and admired, tellingly, more than "anyone in England or anywhere else in the world" (Letters 220). It might be argued that in becoming Thomas in "The Road Not Taken," Frost momentarily loses his defensive preoccupation with disguising lyric involvement to the extent that ironic weapons fail him.

Learning New Research Concepts or Techniques by Writing and Other Research Activities Essay

The way to go about determining if certain resources are adequate for college assignments would be through an evaluation process. In chapter five of the course material, it provides the six tests of evidence that helps to conclude if discovered information can be utilized for a paper. The first test is regarding credibility. If a source is credible it should be information based on fact rather than opinion. The next test to examine is if the material is unbiased. Be sure founded information has room for other points of view about the issue so that the presentation of material in your paper is fair and balanced† (Sole, K. (2010). Writing College research papers. Another test to examine would be to verify if the information is relevant and relates to your topic. Next, is the source complete? â€Å"Do not take information out of context and mislead the reader by using only the portion of the information that supports your opinion about a topic† (Sole, K. (2010). Writing College research papers. The logical test is to make sure the information makes sense and is consistent with other known evidence. The final test would be to determine how current the resource is. Confirm the sources you use are as current as possible and have not been replaced by more recent research findings. Check to find the date an article was written or, if it has no date, check the copyright or revision date on the Web page to determine how recently the information was updated (Sole, K. (2010). Writing College research papers. An example of a suitable source would be an article from the Ashford Library, because Ashford Online Library have been archived by professional information management specialists, and Ashford University professional staff have selected specific databases for the library that are the most appropriate for your college courses. In other words, they are university and faculty approved. Sole, K. (2010) Writing College research papers. An unsuitable source would be Wikipedia, but can often be used to lead to other sources of information for an assignment.

Miss Essay

Unit Title: Unit sector reference: Level: Credit value: Guided learning hours: Unit accreditation number: Promote good practice in handling information in health and social care settings HSC 038 3 2 16 J/601/9470 Unit purpose and aim This unit is aimed at those working in a wide range of settings. It covers the knowledge and skills needed to implement and promote good practice in recording, sharing, storing and accessing information. Learning Outcomes The learner will: 1 Understand requirements for handling information in health and social care settings Assessment Criteria The learner can: 1.1 Identify legislation and codes of practice that relate to handling information in health and social care 1.2 Summarise the main points of legal requirements and codes of practice for handling information in health and social care 2.1 Describe features of manual and electronic information storage systems that help ensure security 2.2 Demonstrate practices that ensure security when storing and accessing information 2.3 Maintain records that are up to date, complete, accurate and legible 3.1 Support others to understand the need for secure handling of information 3.2 Support others to understand and contribute to records Other s may include: ï‚ · Colleagues ï‚ · Individuals accessing care or support Exemplification 2 Be able to implement good practice in handling information 3 Be able to support others to handle information  © OCR 2010 1 Assessment This unit needs to be assessed in line with the Skills for Care and Development QCF Assessment principles. This unit is competence based. This means that it is linked to the candidate’s ability to competently perform a range of tasks connected with their work. This unit may be assessed using any method, or combination of methods, which clearly demonstrates that the learning outcomes and assessment criteria have been met. This unit requires workplace assessment of occupational competence. Assessment decisions for competence based learning outcomes (eg those beginning with ‘Be able to’) must be made in a real work environment by an occupationally competent assessor. Any knowledge evidence integral to these learning outcomes may be generated outside of the work environment but the final assessment decision must be within the real work environment. Competence based assessment must include direct observation as the main source of evidence. For this unit, learning outco mes 2 and 3 must be assessed in a real work environment. Guidance on assessment and evidence requirements  OCR does not stipulate the mode of delivery for the teaching of the content of this unit. Centres are free to deliver this unit using any mode of delivery that meets the needs of their candidates. Centres should consider the candidates’ complete learning experience when designing learning programmes. National occupational standards (NOS) mapping/signposting This unit has been developed by Skills for Care and Development in Partnership with Awarding Organisations. It is directly relevant to the needs of employers and relates to national occupational standards developed by Skills for Care and Development. As such, the unit may provide evidence for the following national occupational standards in health and social care developed by Skills for Care and Development: HSC 31 Content recurs throughout HSC NOS knowledge requirements NOS can be viewed on the relevant Sector Skills Council’s website or the Occupational standards directory at www.ukstandards.co.uk Functional skills signposting This section indicates where candidates may have an opportunity to develop their functional skills. Functional Skills standards can be viewed at http://www.qcda.gov.uk/15565.aspx 2  © OCR 2010 Functional Skills Standards English Speaking and Listening Reading ïÆ' ¼ ïÆ' ¼ Mathematics Representing Analysing ICT Use ICT systems Find and select information Develop, present and communicate information ïÆ' ¼ Writing ïÆ' ¼ Interpreting Additional information For further information regarding administration for this qualification, please refer to the OCR document ‘Administrative Guide for Vocational Qualifications’ (A850). This unit is a shared unit. It is located within the subject/sector classification system 01.3 Health and Social Care.

Understanding the Pros and Cons of Protectionism

Understanding the Pros and Cons of Protectionism Protectionism is a type of trade policy by which governments attempt to prevent or limit competition from other countries. While it may provide some short-term benefit, particularly in poor or developing nations, unlimited protectionism eventually harms the country’s ability to compete in international trade. This article examines the tools of protectionism, how they are applied in the real world, and the advantages and disadvantages of limiting free trade. Key Takeaways: Protectionism Protectionism is a government-imposed trade policy by which countries attempt to protect their industries and workers from foreign competition. Protectionism is commonly implemented by the imposition of tariffs, quotas on import and exports, product standard, and government subsidies. While it may be of temporary benefit in developing countries, total protectionism typically harms the country’s economy, industries, workers, and consumers. Protectionism Definition Protectionism is a defensive, often politically-motivated, policy intended to shield a country’s businesses, industries, and workers from foreign competition through the imposition of trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas on imported goods and services, along with other government regulations. Protectionism is considered to be the opposite of free trade, which is the total absence of government restrictions on trade.   Historically, strict protectionism has been used mainly by newly developing countries as they build the industries necessary to compete internationally. While this so-called â€Å"infant industry† argument may promise brief, limited protection to the businesses and workers involved, it ultimately harms consumers by increasing the costs of imported essential goods, and workers by reducing trade overall.  Ã‚   Protectionism Methods Traditionally, governments employ four main methods of implementing protectionist policies: import tariffs, import quotas, product standards, and subsidies. Tariffs The most commonly applied protectionist practices, tariffs, also called â€Å"duties,† are taxes charged on specific imported goods. Since tariffs are paid by the importers, the price of imported goods in local markets is increased. The idea of tariffs is to make the imported product less attractive to consumers than the same locally produced product, thus protecting the local business and its workers. One of the most famous tariffs is the Smoot-Hawley Tariff of 1930. Initially intended to protect American farmers from the post-World War II influx of European agricultural imports, the bill eventually approved by Congress added high tariffs on many other imports. When European countries retaliated, the resulting trade war restricted global trade, harming the economies of all countries involved. In the United States, the Smoot-Hawley Tariff was considered an overly-protectionist measure that worsened the severity of the Great Depression. Import Quotas Trade quotas are â€Å"non-tariff† trade barriers that limit the number of a specific product that can be imported over a set period of time. Limiting the supply of a certain imported product, while increasing prices paid by consumers, allows local producers a chance to improve their position in the market by filling the unmet demand. Historically, industries like autos, steel, and consumer electronics have used trade quotas to protect domestic producers from foreign competition. For example, since the early 1980s, the United States has imposed a quota on imported raw sugar and sugar-containing products. Since then, the world price of sugar has averaged from 5 to 13 cents per pound, while the price within the U.S. has ranged from 20 to 24 cents. In contrast to import quotas, â€Å"production quotas† occur when governments limit the supply of a certain product in order to maintain a certain price point for that product. For example, the nations of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) imposes a production quota on crude oil in order to maintain a favorable price for oil in the world market. When the OPEC nations reduce production, U.S. consumers see higher gasoline prices. The most drastic and potentially inflammatory form of import quota, the â€Å"embargo† is a total prohibition against importing a certain product into a country. Historically, embargoes have had drastic impacts on consumers. For example, when OPEC proclaimed an oil embargo against nations it perceived as supporting Israel, the resulting 1973 oil crisis saw the average price of gasoline in the U.S. jump from 38.5 cents per gallon in May 1973 to 55.1 cents in June 1974. Some lawmakers called for nationwide gas rationing and President Richard Nixon asked gasoline stations not to sell gas on Saturday nights or Sundays.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Product Standards Product standards limit imports by imposing minimum safety and quality requirements for certain products. Product standards are typically based on concerns over product safety, material quality, environmental dangers, or improper labeling. For example, French cheese products made with raw, non-pasteurized milk, cannot be imported into the United States until they have been aged at least 60 days. While based on a concern for public health, the delay prevents some specialty French cheeses from being imported, thus providing local producers a better market for their own pasteurized versions. Some product standards apply to both imported and domestically-produced products. For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) limits the content of mercury in imported and domestically harvested fish sold for human consumption to one part per million. Government Subsidies Subsidies are direct payments or low-interest loans given by governments to local producers to help them compete in the global market. In general, subsidies lower production costs enabling producers to make a profit at lower price levels. For example, U.S. agricultural subsidies help American farmers supplement their income, while helping the government manage the supply of agricultural commodities, and control the cost of American farm products internationally. Additionally, carefully applied subsidies can protect local jobs and help local companies adjust to global market demands and pricing. Protectionism vs. Free Trade Free trade- the opposite of protectionism- is a policy of completely unrestricted trade between countries. Devoid of protectionist restrictions like tariffs or quotas, free trade allows goods to move freely across borders. While both total protectionism and free trade have been tried in the past, the results were usually harmful. As a result, multilateral â€Å"free trade agreements,† or FTAs, such as the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the 160-nation World Trade Organization (WTO) have become common. In FTAs, the participating nations mutually agree on limited protectionist practices tariffs and quotas. Today, economists agree that FTAs has averted many potentially disastrous trade wars. Protectionism Pros and Cons In poor or emerging countries, strict protectionist policies like high tariffs and embargoes on imports can help their new industries grow by protecting them from foreign competition. Protectionist policies also help create new jobs for local workers. Protected by tariffs and quotas, and bolstered by government subsidies, domestic industries are able to hire locally.  However, the effect is typically temporary, actually reducing employment as other countries retaliate by imposing their own protectionist trade barriers. On the negative side, the reality that protectionism hurts the economies of countries that employ it dates back to Adam Smith’s The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. Eventually, protectionism weakens domestic industries. With no foreign competition, industries see no need for innovation. Their products soon decline in quality, while becoming more expensive than higher quality foreign alternatives. In order to succeed, strict protectionism demands the unrealistic expectation that the protectionist country will be able to produce everything its people need or want. In this sense, protectionism is in direct opposition to the reality that a country’s economy will prosper only when its workers are free to specialize at what they do best rather than trying to make the country self-sufficient. Sources and Further Reading Irwin, Douglas (2017), Peddling Protectionism: Smoot-Hawley and the Great Depression, Princeton University Press.Irwin, Douglas A., Tariffs and Growth in Late Nineteenth-Century America. World Economy. (2001-01-01). ISSN 1467-9701.Hufbauer, Gary C., and Kimberly A. Elliott. Measuring the Costs of Protectionism in the United States. Institute for International Economics, 1994.C. Feenstra, Robert; M. Taylor, Alan. Globalization in an Age of Crisis: Multilateral Economic Cooperation in the Twenty-First Century. National Bureau of Economic Research. ISBN: 978-0-226-03075-3Irwin, Douglas A., Free Trade Under Fire, Princeton University Press, 2005.

AIDS identified 1981 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

AIDS identified 1981 - Essay Example , the United Nations, and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as well as those in the national and local levels have remained troubled of the effects of this condition as millions continue to contract the virus and die every year. In fact, the United Nations recorded 2.7 million new cases of HIV infections worldwide in the year 2008 and noted almost three-quarters of this number have died an AIDS-related death in the same year (â€Å"The Global AIDS† 1). As it worries the authorities and the total population of the current times, this paper intends to tackle how the condition was discovered and how it has affected the history since then. AIDS first came to view in the early 1980s when a number of homosexual men presented a kind of ill health condition which had not been identified in the history of the medical field Practitioners in Los Angeles, New York, and California have linked and treated the unknown condition with mononucleosis, cytomegalovirus, and other related conditions with their designated treatments as supported by the signs and symptoms seen in the patients (Grmek 3-5). The homosexual men who went to Joel Weisman showed â€Å"hectic fever, weight loss and swollen lymph nodes† (Grmek 3). A New Yorker also presented the same condition when he illustrated â€Å"lassitude, weight loss, spiking fevers, and slow consumption of the body† (Grmek 5). However, despite the attempts to counter the symptoms observed, no improvements became visible. Grmek even pointed out that two of Weisman’s patients â€Å"treated since fall of 1980, went from bad to worse† (4). After a number of labora tory works, the cause of the involvement of some opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were attributed to the â€Å"reduction in the population of lymphocytes, due to the almost complete disappearance of the helper T subgroup,† components of the immune system that helps fight infection (Grmek 4). This decrease in efficiency for immune

Summarizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarizing - Essay Example This is an institution that yields to mould and develop their students and offer what may seem like an extra support to accomplish this. Like any other institution, it has a number of functional units and in our case we have various departments referred to as divisions. These divisions also provide information on their respective progress areas on the official university’s website thus the homepage. One of such impactful divisions in helping the students is the career placement division. This division aides both the current and former students financially since it offers the students part time jobs and even full time jobs. This department offers close to over two thousand part time job opportunities and helps their students in job seeking. This whole process is done online whereby interested parties place their ads, usually limited to four lines, which include their qualifications. In addition to that, they also help in job seeking for the qualified undergraduates for state jo bs and even local businesses. Surely Metropolitan State University is an academic

Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Marketing Strategy - Essay Example ed to dramatic recalls of many of its diverse products which are in sharp contrast to the brand-building efforts undertaken by the company to build trust in quality as it primary positioning strategy. These failures have been well-publicised. It is recommended that the business turn toward low-cost social media as a means of injecting transparency into the consumer market whilst also supplementing this strategy with heavier, short-term emphasis on promotion development. It is further recommended that the business seek out a new youth market, focus more on corporate social responsibility, and build an online CRM model that engages consumers more effectively. Toyota maintains strong internal competencies and a dedicated organisational culture with tacit and explicit knowledge that brings the business more efficiencies and this should be utilised as a promotional resource to rebuild trust in markets that now have questions about Toyota’s quality competency. Research has identified that Toyota conducts considerable market research on consumer characteristics in diverse markets to create localisation strategies which tends to outperform competitors that attempt to build homogenous marketing strategies. However, this is insufficient for improving its market position and requires adjustment in marketing focus. Toyota is currently positioned as a quality-focused organisation, giving it significant historical marketing advantages over its main competitors in the UK. However, in recent years, Toyota has been burdened with negative publicity associated with a variety of recalls in North America, Europe and Asia which sheds negative light on its quality measures. Coupled with economic problems in the United Kingdom stemming from the 2008 and 2009 recession, once-predictable consumer purchasing behaviours have changed, now making it difficult for Toyota to maintain its market share as price-sensitive consumers look for lower-cost automobile options. Toyota is an

Sciencefiction and reality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sciencefiction and reality - Research Paper Example After the pleasure from NBC to withdraw the show during the second season series, many changes took place. The campaigning began, and fans of the series demanded the series to be aired; thus the renewal of the film began in 1969 when the Paramount Television produced the film in the animated series. Roddenberry, the creator of the film used futuristic situations (social movement) as an analogy for addressing ethical and social issues such as warfare, slavery and prejudice. The Star Trek series narrates the tale of the starship enterprise crew and the mission of travelling to a place where no one has ever gone. The film featured the character known as Shatner William, as the captain and other characters including Scott, Nicholas and many others. The film attempts to reveal the effects of the upcoming technologies in the contemporary society. Star Trek series is a film that attempts to reveal the effect of forthcoming technology advancement on the earth. It reveals the way the telepres ence as one of the technologies creates impacts in the society. The telepresence is a technology which allows an individual to control a ship from any remote area. The Star Trek film reveals the way some technological devices works. However, the film is dangerous when exposed to children because it might contribute to violence in society. The movie reveals scientific issues that are most hilarious. It reveals the interconnections between the science fiction and real life impact of the telepresence technology advancement that this technology has created since history. Moreover, many films during the Second World War including the Star Trek used scientific fiction genre in order to reveal the impact technology has created in the upcoming technologies (Leaver 56). Technology has inspired many teenagers to engage with science through viewing this film because it is associated with scientific issues. For instance, the Blade Runner, which uses digital photography and the zoom button, is a n indication of the way technology is flourishing in the society. The tailored branding and film revealed in the televisions seem far-fetched, but they are nowadays everywhere in the society. The scientific facts revealed in the film are informative about science, but there are some compromises that have been made on being accurate and able to recount persuasive narratives. The Star Trek is one of the culturally prominent TV show and influential science novel in the TV series. The Star Trek franchise industry, which is CBS TV studio, is currently a multibillion industry that has contributed to the circulation of the film. Television is one the entertainment technology that has contributed to cultural influences in the contemporary society. Thus, the Star Trek contributed to the establishment of the market for science fiction revealed in the televisions. However, the animated Star Trek series became more common in the market; thus it opened new market for science fiction series such as the Family Guy and many others. Roddenberry in the Star Trek film has created a multi-ethnic group for the venture; thus revealing the way technology has contributed to cultural change in the society. The technology revealed in the article of Cranny-Francis, Anne "from extension to engagement: mapping the imaginary of wearable technology," Visual Communication is the use of personal computers (PC). The author gave PC imagery of wearable tec

The Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty Philosophy Essay

The Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty Philosophy Essay Introduction Capital punishment, which some also call the death penalty, has been around in society for hundreds of years. Ever since it began, there have been discussions as to whether it is morally right, and as to whether it actually deters criminals. Some believe that the prospect of being put to death often stops criminals from committing violent acts. Others believe exactly the opposite, stating that those that commit violent crimes are driven to do so for various reasons, and whether they have the chance of being put to death or not will not stop them from doing what they feel they must do. Some serial killers and other violent individuals believe that they will never be caught. Others think that they are doing Gods work, or they cite other important reasons for the killings and violent acts that they partake in. Sometimes this is due to mental disorders, but there are other reasons that people commit acts of this nature. Regardless of these reasons, however, violent acts can and do occur and whether these people should be put to death for their crimes remains a hotly debated issue. On one side of the debate, there are those that believe that killing is morally and ethically wrong, whether it is the killer and his victims or the government and the killer. The ethical dilemmas that are faced by this issue are not designed to be discussed here. They are important and worthy of discussion and thought, but the scope of this paper does not allow for space to debate the ethical issues that involve the death penalty as it pertains to violent individuals and their reasons for their actions. The purpose of this paper is to leave those issues aside and determine whether there is a basis of truth in the statement that capital punishment deters violent crime. This statement is used by many who believe in the death penalty, and they argue that these criminals will not be able to do any more harm, which is certainly true, and not a question for debate. What is debatable, however, is whether the idea of the death penalty affects those that might commit violent crimes, and whether it stops them from doing so. There are many that believe this, and others that insist that there is little to no effect. Both sides of the argument will be addressed here, so that conclusions can be drawn from the information presented that will hopefully shed some light on the debate and determine which side is correct. There is, however, seemingly much more information available that is against the death penalty than for it. It is also possible that a determination will not be able to be made due to the fact that there are so many issues and beliefs that surround each side, and statistics can be made to show many things, depending on who is utilizing them and how the numbers are manipulated. It is for this reason that statistics will not play a large role in the scope of this paper, as numbers often vary. Argument for the Death Penalty Those that argue for the death penalty state that, not only does it keep the person in question from committing any more violent acts, but it also serves as a lesson for those that are considering these types of acts in the future. It is not only the United States that has this problem, as many other countries are also concerned about crime rates (Bedau, 1998). In some other countries there are people that feel that doing away with the death penalty offers no deterrent for those that would rape and murder innocent people for some reason, or sometimes for no real reason at all (Bayat, 1999). It is believed that the criminal element that is aware of the death penalty will spend more time considering whether the act they are thinking of committing is worth the price that they might ultimately have to pay (Delfino Day, 2008). The opinion is that many criminals will feel that risking their life for the violent act is not worth the price, and they will refrain from committing these kinds of crimes. Few people, even criminals, have a death wish, and it is believed that this lack of desire for their own death will keep them from causing the deaths of others (Delfino Day, 2008). Despite opposition from those that believe the death penalty should be stopped, some statistics do show that the number of murders does rise when the death penalty is not in force, and this number falls when the death penalty is reinstated (Johansen, 1998). Another point of this argument is that the death penalty brings closure for the victims of the families that have lost loved ones. There is apparently a satisfaction, at least for some, upon seeing these people give up their life at the hands of the government. The chapter of their lives that dealt with that person has come to an end, and they can finally feel that they can move on with their lives (Radelet Akers, 1996). This is somewhat related to violent crime, in that there is always the possibility that survivors who have lost loved ones would consider taking their vengeance out on others because of their pain and sorrow, and this could lead to even more violent crimes. Violent criminals that are paroled also run the risk of being killed by those that know what they did and believe that they should have died. This creates more violent acts in society and more problems with how to punish these individuals. Having the death penalty for violent crimes often prevents this. To summarize, the main point of the argument for the death penalty is that crime will go down because of the fear of punishment. This is the belief of those that advocate the death penalty for all violent crimes, and all of the information to the contrary does not appear to change this opinion. Argument Against the Death Penalty There are many different arguments against the death penalty, and some of these come from law enforcement. Recent polls of police chiefs in various areas of the country indicate that a large majority of them believe that the death penalty is no deterrent to violent crime. It ranks last on their lists of how they should go about reducing violent crime, and studies have shown that it is no better at reducing crime than the possibility of life in prison without any chance of parole (Cook, 1999). This is interesting, in the face of the argument that the death penalty reduces the amount of violent crimes that are committed. Studies have also shown that, contrary to the popular opinion that the death penalty brings closure, most people do not feel that watching someone else die helps them to move on in any way (Cassell Bedau, 2005). Sometimes it seems to profane the name of the lost loved one by associating yet another death with it. The death of the loved one is painful enough without ad ding to it (Cook, 1999). Mainly, Opponents of the death penalty argue that (Policy, 2003): those contemplating criminal activities do not rationally weigh the benefits and costs of their actions, the costs associated with obtaining a death penalty conviction are larger than the costs associated with providing lifetime imprisonment, in a world of imperfect information, innocent individuals may be convicted and executed before exonerating information is discovered, and the death penalty has disproportionately been applied in cases in which the defendant is nonwhite or the victim is white. There are several effective arguments against the death penalty, including the fact that some people have been executed, and the government has later discovered their innocence. There is not much to be done at that point, and instead of deterring violent crime, it makes the death penalty seem unjust and unfair. It also draws into question once again whether the death penalty is such a good idea, since it can sometimes be used incorrectly and innocent people are made to suffer for the mistakes of the police, prosecutors, and government (Rivkind Shatz, 2005). It would seem that many criminals would find this more amusing than frightening. They do not take their chances of being caught and subjected to the death penalty seriously enough to be frightened by the penalty like many assume they will be (van den Haag, 2001). According to some that believe in God and feel that the death penalty is acceptable under the scriptures, make one main point, which is that This is not an issue that may be measured accurately in terms of statistics. No one can ever know how many potential murderers have refrained from taking human life due to their fear of prosecution, conviction, and ultimate execution (Jackson, 2003). It is also questioned during this same argument that those who conclude that the death penalty is not a deterrent to violent crime should also be able to conclude that prison is not a deterrent either, since people seem to keep committing crimes, whether or not they think they will go to jail. Another concern over the death penalty and violent crime is the issue of the mentally handicapped (Banner, 2003). They, along with juveniles, also commit violent crimes on occasion. These mentally handicapped individuals, not to be confused with mentally disturbed or insane individuals, often have low IQs and do not realize what they have done. The death penalty in their cases is not any deterrent. They do not even realize what they have done. One mentally handicapped man actually asked the jailers to save his dessert for him so that he could eat it after his execution. It was clear that he did not understand what the execution was about, no more than he understood the crime that he had committed. Executing individuals like this does nothing for society. Many people find it cruel, and even if it is not, it is certainly senseless. There are no important lessons about not committing crimes that are learned by executing someone who is mentally handicapped (Reforms, 2002). The same is true for juvenile offenders. Some juveniles that are convicted of violent crimes are locked away in prison until such time as they are old enough to be executed, which really does not teach juveniles anything valuable about the death penalty or avoidance of violent crime. More often than not, these juveniles are not executed, and most juveniles know that they will not receive the death penalty, even if they are tried as adults, so they are not deterred by the possibility (Radelet Akers, 1996). There are other arguments, but the most effective argument against the death penalty as a deterrent for violent crime appears to be the fact that crime has not gone down simply because the death penalty is out there (Death, 2000). States that have it do not have lower crime rates on average than states that do not have it, and that would indicate that the death penalty in and of itself is not stopping people from committing violent acts (Ikramullah, 2003). Conclusion Crime, including violent crime, has been with society virtually since the beginning, and it will remain with society until it ends. Nothing will stop some people from committing violent acts, and the death penalty does not appear to be the answer. Sometimes, innocent lives are lost to this process, and many times the families of the victims do not experience the kind of closure that one would hope for simply because the offender has been executed. Since it would appear that even law enforcement does not see the death penalty as an answer to the problems of crime in society, one wonders why it is allowed to continue. It is possible, however, that the death penalty would be a deterrent if it were used more swiftly and more often. Many people who are sentenced to death spend years in prison appealing their conviction and appealing their sentence, and this is a large waste of taxpayer money, as well as a huge burden on the court system. Those that are guilty beyond a shadow of a doubt often wait a long time for their sentence to be carried out. Even when DNA evidence shows that they were the guilty party, the execution is still not swiftly carried out, and this allows many criminals to find some way to avoid it. Instead, they end up spending their life in prison, where they get hot meals every day, are allowed to exercise, and have a bed to sleep in every night. They watch TV and read books, and this is more than many of the hungry and homeless in todays society get. Criminals are treated better than many of these people. The criminals have lost their freedom, but they get a lot of things in return for that, and society is required to pay for them through taxes and other avenues that fund the prisons. One is left to wonder why this is so, and whether the death penalty actually would work if everyone found guilty of a violent crime and proved guilty with DNA evidence and/or a confession was executed within 30 days. There would be less prison overcrowding, and appeals would not be allowed. Enacted in this way, the death penalty might be a better deterrent against violent crime, because the stakes would be much higher than they are now, and the chances of being executed would be much greater. It would give criminals more to think about when they were contemplating their violent crimes, and society (at least that part of society that supports the death penalty) would feel better about not supporting these criminals while they appealed and worked to save themselves. It is also possible that more people would come to see the death penalty as a good idea if they could be shown that there was less prison overcrowding and that the amount of violent crime was actually dropping because of it. This might help society out in several ways, but it is unlikely that this will come to pass. There are always those that will fight for the rights of convicted prisoners, and argue that they are misunderstood. There are also those that will maintain the opinion that killing is wrong, no matter who does it. Every individual is certainly entitled to their opinion, and it would appear that those who feel the death penalty is wrong are winning their battle, at least in some states, because executions do not take place very often. Even when they do occur, it is usually after a lengthy appeals process lasting many years and costing much money. Since society will never be free of crime, dealing with that crime and controlling it has become the focus of law enforcement. If the death penalty can be improved and made to work, it should remain. If it cannot be changed so that it actually deters violent crimes, than perhaps it should be done away with in favor of a system that will actually lower the crime rate and work to prevent violent crimes in the future.

Biography of Ferdinand Porsche Essay -- essays research papers

Ferdinand Porsche was born in Maffersdorf, Austria (now in the Czech Republic) on September 3, 1875. At age 18 he found a job in Vienna. While working in Vienna he audited a few courses at the technical university for the only engineering training he ever received. A few years later he took his first job in the automotive industry with Jacob Lohner. There he was involved in the design of an electric car, the Lohner-Porsche. That first car by Porsche set land speed records in Austria, speeding up to a remarkable 35 miles per hour. Later he participated in the development of a mixed car using an internal combustion engine combined with electrical power. In 1905 he won the Austrian Poetting Prize as Austria?s outstanding automotive designer. On the strength of Porsche?s earlier work he was offered a position with the Austrian division of the Daimler automobile company (today Daimler/Chrysler) as its chief designer. After several successful designs of early Mercedes he also worked on airplane engines, fire trucks, buses, wind electric generators and even an agricultural tractor. By 1923 he moved to the company?s headquarters in Stuttgart as technical director. There he developed several more very successful Mercedes models. In 1924 the Technical College of Stuttgart awarded him an honorary doctoral degree in engineering on the basis of his achievements. Since his days at Austro-Daimler he had a personal dream of a mass produced automobile which could be produced cheaply enough to be affordable for the average citizen. He made a proposal for such a car to his employers at Mercedes-Benz, but was disappointed that there was no interest at Mercedes for his plan. Irritated, he left the company. In 1931 he founded his own compa... ...h the Distinguished Service Cross. In 1965 he was presented with an honorary doctoral degree by the Vienna Technical College. In 1972 Porsche converted the company into a stock company with shares available to the public. The family, however, retained essential control with family stock holdings and seats on the board of directors. The name of the company was retained, ?Dr. Ing. h.c.F. Porsche? but now with the addition of the letters AG (Aktiengesellschaft: stock based company). Ferry Porsche was given numerous awards for achievement. In 1984 he was presented with the title of ?Professor? by the Minister-Prà ¤sident (Chief Minister) of the state of Baden-Wà ¼rttemberg, Lothar Spath. Porsche remained as the chairman of the board of Porsche until 1990 when he retired and became the honorary chairman. Ferdinand (Ferry) Porsche died at the age of 88 on March 27, 1998. Biography of Ferdinand Porsche Essay -- essays research papers Ferdinand Porsche was born in Maffersdorf, Austria (now in the Czech Republic) on September 3, 1875. At age 18 he found a job in Vienna. While working in Vienna he audited a few courses at the technical university for the only engineering training he ever received. A few years later he took his first job in the automotive industry with Jacob Lohner. There he was involved in the design of an electric car, the Lohner-Porsche. That first car by Porsche set land speed records in Austria, speeding up to a remarkable 35 miles per hour. Later he participated in the development of a mixed car using an internal combustion engine combined with electrical power. In 1905 he won the Austrian Poetting Prize as Austria?s outstanding automotive designer. On the strength of Porsche?s earlier work he was offered a position with the Austrian division of the Daimler automobile company (today Daimler/Chrysler) as its chief designer. After several successful designs of early Mercedes he also worked on airplane engines, fire trucks, buses, wind electric generators and even an agricultural tractor. By 1923 he moved to the company?s headquarters in Stuttgart as technical director. There he developed several more very successful Mercedes models. In 1924 the Technical College of Stuttgart awarded him an honorary doctoral degree in engineering on the basis of his achievements. Since his days at Austro-Daimler he had a personal dream of a mass produced automobile which could be produced cheaply enough to be affordable for the average citizen. He made a proposal for such a car to his employers at Mercedes-Benz, but was disappointed that there was no interest at Mercedes for his plan. Irritated, he left the company. In 1931 he founded his own compa... ...h the Distinguished Service Cross. In 1965 he was presented with an honorary doctoral degree by the Vienna Technical College. In 1972 Porsche converted the company into a stock company with shares available to the public. The family, however, retained essential control with family stock holdings and seats on the board of directors. The name of the company was retained, ?Dr. Ing. h.c.F. Porsche? but now with the addition of the letters AG (Aktiengesellschaft: stock based company). Ferry Porsche was given numerous awards for achievement. In 1984 he was presented with the title of ?Professor? by the Minister-Prà ¤sident (Chief Minister) of the state of Baden-Wà ¼rttemberg, Lothar Spath. Porsche remained as the chairman of the board of Porsche until 1990 when he retired and became the honorary chairman. Ferdinand (Ferry) Porsche died at the age of 88 on March 27, 1998.