Marketing Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 3

Marketing Strategy - Essay Example ed to dramatic recalls of many of its diverse products which are in sharp contrast to the brand-building efforts undertaken by the company to build trust in quality as it primary positioning strategy. These failures have been well-publicised. It is recommended that the business turn toward low-cost social media as a means of injecting transparency into the consumer market whilst also supplementing this strategy with heavier, short-term emphasis on promotion development. It is further recommended that the business seek out a new youth market, focus more on corporate social responsibility, and build an online CRM model that engages consumers more effectively. Toyota maintains strong internal competencies and a dedicated organisational culture with tacit and explicit knowledge that brings the business more efficiencies and this should be utilised as a promotional resource to rebuild trust in markets that now have questions about Toyota’s quality competency. Research has identified that Toyota conducts considerable market research on consumer characteristics in diverse markets to create localisation strategies which tends to outperform competitors that attempt to build homogenous marketing strategies. However, this is insufficient for improving its market position and requires adjustment in marketing focus. Toyota is currently positioned as a quality-focused organisation, giving it significant historical marketing advantages over its main competitors in the UK. However, in recent years, Toyota has been burdened with negative publicity associated with a variety of recalls in North America, Europe and Asia which sheds negative light on its quality measures. Coupled with economic problems in the United Kingdom stemming from the 2008 and 2009 recession, once-predictable consumer purchasing behaviours have changed, now making it difficult for Toyota to maintain its market share as price-sensitive consumers look for lower-cost automobile options. Toyota is an

Sciencefiction and reality Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Sciencefiction and reality - Research Paper Example After the pleasure from NBC to withdraw the show during the second season series, many changes took place. The campaigning began, and fans of the series demanded the series to be aired; thus the renewal of the film began in 1969 when the Paramount Television produced the film in the animated series. Roddenberry, the creator of the film used futuristic situations (social movement) as an analogy for addressing ethical and social issues such as warfare, slavery and prejudice. The Star Trek series narrates the tale of the starship enterprise crew and the mission of travelling to a place where no one has ever gone. The film featured the character known as Shatner William, as the captain and other characters including Scott, Nicholas and many others. The film attempts to reveal the effects of the upcoming technologies in the contemporary society. Star Trek series is a film that attempts to reveal the effect of forthcoming technology advancement on the earth. It reveals the way the telepres ence as one of the technologies creates impacts in the society. The telepresence is a technology which allows an individual to control a ship from any remote area. The Star Trek film reveals the way some technological devices works. However, the film is dangerous when exposed to children because it might contribute to violence in society. The movie reveals scientific issues that are most hilarious. It reveals the interconnections between the science fiction and real life impact of the telepresence technology advancement that this technology has created since history. Moreover, many films during the Second World War including the Star Trek used scientific fiction genre in order to reveal the impact technology has created in the upcoming technologies (Leaver 56). Technology has inspired many teenagers to engage with science through viewing this film because it is associated with scientific issues. For instance, the Blade Runner, which uses digital photography and the zoom button, is a n indication of the way technology is flourishing in the society. The tailored branding and film revealed in the televisions seem far-fetched, but they are nowadays everywhere in the society. The scientific facts revealed in the film are informative about science, but there are some compromises that have been made on being accurate and able to recount persuasive narratives. The Star Trek is one of the culturally prominent TV show and influential science novel in the TV series. The Star Trek franchise industry, which is CBS TV studio, is currently a multibillion industry that has contributed to the circulation of the film. Television is one the entertainment technology that has contributed to cultural influences in the contemporary society. Thus, the Star Trek contributed to the establishment of the market for science fiction revealed in the televisions. However, the animated Star Trek series became more common in the market; thus it opened new market for science fiction series such as the Family Guy and many others. Roddenberry in the Star Trek film has created a multi-ethnic group for the venture; thus revealing the way technology has contributed to cultural change in the society. The technology revealed in the article of Cranny-Francis, Anne "from extension to engagement: mapping the imaginary of wearable technology," Visual Communication is the use of personal computers (PC). The author gave PC imagery of wearable tec

The Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty Philosophy Essay

The Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty Philosophy Essay Introduction Capital punishment, which some also call the death penalty, has been around in society for hundreds of years. Ever since it began, there have been discussions as to whether it is morally right, and as to whether it actually deters criminals. Some believe that the prospect of being put to death often stops criminals from committing violent acts. Others believe exactly the opposite, stating that those that commit violent crimes are driven to do so for various reasons, and whether they have the chance of being put to death or not will not stop them from doing what they feel they must do. Some serial killers and other violent individuals believe that they will never be caught. Others think that they are doing Gods work, or they cite other important reasons for the killings and violent acts that they partake in. Sometimes this is due to mental disorders, but there are other reasons that people commit acts of this nature. Regardless of these reasons, however, violent acts can and do occur and whether these people should be put to death for their crimes remains a hotly debated issue. On one side of the debate, there are those that believe that killing is morally and ethically wrong, whether it is the killer and his victims or the government and the killer. The ethical dilemmas that are faced by this issue are not designed to be discussed here. They are important and worthy of discussion and thought, but the scope of this paper does not allow for space to debate the ethical issues that involve the death penalty as it pertains to violent individuals and their reasons for their actions. The purpose of this paper is to leave those issues aside and determine whether there is a basis of truth in the statement that capital punishment deters violent crime. This statement is used by many who believe in the death penalty, and they argue that these criminals will not be able to do any more harm, which is certainly true, and not a question for debate. What is debatable, however, is whether the idea of the death penalty affects those that might commit violent crimes, and whether it stops them from doing so. There are many that believe this, and others that insist that there is little to no effect. Both sides of the argument will be addressed here, so that conclusions can be drawn from the information presented that will hopefully shed some light on the debate and determine which side is correct. There is, however, seemingly much more information available that is against the death penalty than for it. It is also possible that a determination will not be able to be made due to the fact that there are so many issues and beliefs that surround each side, and statistics can be made to show many things, depending on who is utilizing them and how the numbers are manipulated. It is for this reason that statistics will not play a large role in the scope of this paper, as numbers often vary. Argument for the Death Penalty Those that argue for the death penalty state that, not only does it keep the person in question from committing any more violent acts, but it also serves as a lesson for those that are considering these types of acts in the future. It is not only the United States that has this problem, as many other countries are also concerned about crime rates (Bedau, 1998). In some other countries there are people that feel that doing away with the death penalty offers no deterrent for those that would rape and murder innocent people for some reason, or sometimes for no real reason at all (Bayat, 1999). It is believed that the criminal element that is aware of the death penalty will spend more time considering whether the act they are thinking of committing is worth the price that they might ultimately have to pay (Delfino Day, 2008). The opinion is that many criminals will feel that risking their life for the violent act is not worth the price, and they will refrain from committing these kinds of crimes. Few people, even criminals, have a death wish, and it is believed that this lack of desire for their own death will keep them from causing the deaths of others (Delfino Day, 2008). Despite opposition from those that believe the death penalty should be stopped, some statistics do show that the number of murders does rise when the death penalty is not in force, and this number falls when the death penalty is reinstated (Johansen, 1998). Another point of this argument is that the death penalty brings closure for the victims of the families that have lost loved ones. There is apparently a satisfaction, at least for some, upon seeing these people give up their life at the hands of the government. The chapter of their lives that dealt with that person has come to an end, and they can finally feel that they can move on with their lives (Radelet Akers, 1996). This is somewhat related to violent crime, in that there is always the possibility that survivors who have lost loved ones would consider taking their vengeance out on others because of their pain and sorrow, and this could lead to even more violent crimes. Violent criminals that are paroled also run the risk of being killed by those that know what they did and believe that they should have died. This creates more violent acts in society and more problems with how to punish these individuals. Having the death penalty for violent crimes often prevents this. To summarize, the main point of the argument for the death penalty is that crime will go down because of the fear of punishment. This is the belief of those that advocate the death penalty for all violent crimes, and all of the information to the contrary does not appear to change this opinion. Argument Against the Death Penalty There are many different arguments against the death penalty, and some of these come from law enforcement. Recent polls of police chiefs in various areas of the country indicate that a large majority of them believe that the death penalty is no deterrent to violent crime. It ranks last on their lists of how they should go about reducing violent crime, and studies have shown that it is no better at reducing crime than the possibility of life in prison without any chance of parole (Cook, 1999). This is interesting, in the face of the argument that the death penalty reduces the amount of violent crimes that are committed. Studies have also shown that, contrary to the popular opinion that the death penalty brings closure, most people do not feel that watching someone else die helps them to move on in any way (Cassell Bedau, 2005). Sometimes it seems to profane the name of the lost loved one by associating yet another death with it. The death of the loved one is painful enough without ad ding to it (Cook, 1999). Mainly, Opponents of the death penalty argue that (Policy, 2003): those contemplating criminal activities do not rationally weigh the benefits and costs of their actions, the costs associated with obtaining a death penalty conviction are larger than the costs associated with providing lifetime imprisonment, in a world of imperfect information, innocent individuals may be convicted and executed before exonerating information is discovered, and the death penalty has disproportionately been applied in cases in which the defendant is nonwhite or the victim is white. There are several effective arguments against the death penalty, including the fact that some people have been executed, and the government has later discovered their innocence. There is not much to be done at that point, and instead of deterring violent crime, it makes the death penalty seem unjust and unfair. It also draws into question once again whether the death penalty is such a good idea, since it can sometimes be used incorrectly and innocent people are made to suffer for the mistakes of the police, prosecutors, and government (Rivkind Shatz, 2005). It would seem that many criminals would find this more amusing than frightening. They do not take their chances of being caught and subjected to the death penalty seriously enough to be frightened by the penalty like many assume they will be (van den Haag, 2001). According to some that believe in God and feel that the death penalty is acceptable under the scriptures, make one main point, which is that This is not an issue that may be measured accurately in terms of statistics. No one can ever know how many potential murderers have refrained from taking human life due to their fear of prosecution, conviction, and ultimate execution (Jackson, 2003). It is also questioned during this same argument that those who conclude that the death penalty is not a deterrent to violent crime should also be able to conclude that prison is not a deterrent either, since people seem to keep committing crimes, whether or not they think they will go to jail. Another concern over the death penalty and violent crime is the issue of the mentally handicapped (Banner, 2003). They, along with juveniles, also commit violent crimes on occasion. These mentally handicapped individuals, not to be confused with mentally disturbed or insane individuals, often have low IQs and do not realize what they have done. The death penalty in their cases is not any deterrent. They do not even realize what they have done. One mentally handicapped man actually asked the jailers to save his dessert for him so that he could eat it after his execution. It was clear that he did not understand what the execution was about, no more than he understood the crime that he had committed. Executing individuals like this does nothing for society. Many people find it cruel, and even if it is not, it is certainly senseless. There are no important lessons about not committing crimes that are learned by executing someone who is mentally handicapped (Reforms, 2002). The same is true for juvenile offenders. Some juveniles that are convicted of violent crimes are locked away in prison until such time as they are old enough to be executed, which really does not teach juveniles anything valuable about the death penalty or avoidance of violent crime. More often than not, these juveniles are not executed, and most juveniles know that they will not receive the death penalty, even if they are tried as adults, so they are not deterred by the possibility (Radelet Akers, 1996). There are other arguments, but the most effective argument against the death penalty as a deterrent for violent crime appears to be the fact that crime has not gone down simply because the death penalty is out there (Death, 2000). States that have it do not have lower crime rates on average than states that do not have it, and that would indicate that the death penalty in and of itself is not stopping people from committing violent acts (Ikramullah, 2003). Conclusion Crime, including violent crime, has been with society virtually since the beginning, and it will remain with society until it ends. Nothing will stop some people from committing violent acts, and the death penalty does not appear to be the answer. Sometimes, innocent lives are lost to this process, and many times the families of the victims do not experience the kind of closure that one would hope for simply because the offender has been executed. Since it would appear that even law enforcement does not see the death penalty as an answer to the problems of crime in society, one wonders why it is allowed to continue. It is possible, however, that the death penalty would be a deterrent if it were used more swiftly and more often. Many people who are sentenced to death spend years in prison appealing their conviction and appealing their sentence, and this is a large waste of taxpayer money, as well as a huge burden on the court system. Those that are guilty beyond a shadow of a doubt often wait a long time for their sentence to be carried out. Even when DNA evidence shows that they were the guilty party, the execution is still not swiftly carried out, and this allows many criminals to find some way to avoid it. Instead, they end up spending their life in prison, where they get hot meals every day, are allowed to exercise, and have a bed to sleep in every night. They watch TV and read books, and this is more than many of the hungry and homeless in todays society get. Criminals are treated better than many of these people. The criminals have lost their freedom, but they get a lot of things in return for that, and society is required to pay for them through taxes and other avenues that fund the prisons. One is left to wonder why this is so, and whether the death penalty actually would work if everyone found guilty of a violent crime and proved guilty with DNA evidence and/or a confession was executed within 30 days. There would be less prison overcrowding, and appeals would not be allowed. Enacted in this way, the death penalty might be a better deterrent against violent crime, because the stakes would be much higher than they are now, and the chances of being executed would be much greater. It would give criminals more to think about when they were contemplating their violent crimes, and society (at least that part of society that supports the death penalty) would feel better about not supporting these criminals while they appealed and worked to save themselves. It is also possible that more people would come to see the death penalty as a good idea if they could be shown that there was less prison overcrowding and that the amount of violent crime was actually dropping because of it. This might help society out in several ways, but it is unlikely that this will come to pass. There are always those that will fight for the rights of convicted prisoners, and argue that they are misunderstood. There are also those that will maintain the opinion that killing is wrong, no matter who does it. Every individual is certainly entitled to their opinion, and it would appear that those who feel the death penalty is wrong are winning their battle, at least in some states, because executions do not take place very often. Even when they do occur, it is usually after a lengthy appeals process lasting many years and costing much money. Since society will never be free of crime, dealing with that crime and controlling it has become the focus of law enforcement. If the death penalty can be improved and made to work, it should remain. If it cannot be changed so that it actually deters violent crimes, than perhaps it should be done away with in favor of a system that will actually lower the crime rate and work to prevent violent crimes in the future.

Biography of Ferdinand Porsche Essay -- essays research papers

Ferdinand Porsche was born in Maffersdorf, Austria (now in the Czech Republic) on September 3, 1875. At age 18 he found a job in Vienna. While working in Vienna he audited a few courses at the technical university for the only engineering training he ever received. A few years later he took his first job in the automotive industry with Jacob Lohner. There he was involved in the design of an electric car, the Lohner-Porsche. That first car by Porsche set land speed records in Austria, speeding up to a remarkable 35 miles per hour. Later he participated in the development of a mixed car using an internal combustion engine combined with electrical power. In 1905 he won the Austrian Poetting Prize as Austria?s outstanding automotive designer. On the strength of Porsche?s earlier work he was offered a position with the Austrian division of the Daimler automobile company (today Daimler/Chrysler) as its chief designer. After several successful designs of early Mercedes he also worked on airplane engines, fire trucks, buses, wind electric generators and even an agricultural tractor. By 1923 he moved to the company?s headquarters in Stuttgart as technical director. There he developed several more very successful Mercedes models. In 1924 the Technical College of Stuttgart awarded him an honorary doctoral degree in engineering on the basis of his achievements. Since his days at Austro-Daimler he had a personal dream of a mass produced automobile which could be produced cheaply enough to be affordable for the average citizen. He made a proposal for such a car to his employers at Mercedes-Benz, but was disappointed that there was no interest at Mercedes for his plan. Irritated, he left the company. In 1931 he founded his own compa... ...h the Distinguished Service Cross. In 1965 he was presented with an honorary doctoral degree by the Vienna Technical College. In 1972 Porsche converted the company into a stock company with shares available to the public. The family, however, retained essential control with family stock holdings and seats on the board of directors. The name of the company was retained, ?Dr. Ing. h.c.F. Porsche? but now with the addition of the letters AG (Aktiengesellschaft: stock based company). Ferry Porsche was given numerous awards for achievement. In 1984 he was presented with the title of ?Professor? by the Minister-Prà ¤sident (Chief Minister) of the state of Baden-Wà ¼rttemberg, Lothar Spath. Porsche remained as the chairman of the board of Porsche until 1990 when he retired and became the honorary chairman. Ferdinand (Ferry) Porsche died at the age of 88 on March 27, 1998. Biography of Ferdinand Porsche Essay -- essays research papers Ferdinand Porsche was born in Maffersdorf, Austria (now in the Czech Republic) on September 3, 1875. At age 18 he found a job in Vienna. While working in Vienna he audited a few courses at the technical university for the only engineering training he ever received. A few years later he took his first job in the automotive industry with Jacob Lohner. There he was involved in the design of an electric car, the Lohner-Porsche. That first car by Porsche set land speed records in Austria, speeding up to a remarkable 35 miles per hour. Later he participated in the development of a mixed car using an internal combustion engine combined with electrical power. In 1905 he won the Austrian Poetting Prize as Austria?s outstanding automotive designer. On the strength of Porsche?s earlier work he was offered a position with the Austrian division of the Daimler automobile company (today Daimler/Chrysler) as its chief designer. After several successful designs of early Mercedes he also worked on airplane engines, fire trucks, buses, wind electric generators and even an agricultural tractor. By 1923 he moved to the company?s headquarters in Stuttgart as technical director. There he developed several more very successful Mercedes models. In 1924 the Technical College of Stuttgart awarded him an honorary doctoral degree in engineering on the basis of his achievements. Since his days at Austro-Daimler he had a personal dream of a mass produced automobile which could be produced cheaply enough to be affordable for the average citizen. He made a proposal for such a car to his employers at Mercedes-Benz, but was disappointed that there was no interest at Mercedes for his plan. Irritated, he left the company. In 1931 he founded his own compa... ...h the Distinguished Service Cross. In 1965 he was presented with an honorary doctoral degree by the Vienna Technical College. In 1972 Porsche converted the company into a stock company with shares available to the public. The family, however, retained essential control with family stock holdings and seats on the board of directors. The name of the company was retained, ?Dr. Ing. h.c.F. Porsche? but now with the addition of the letters AG (Aktiengesellschaft: stock based company). Ferry Porsche was given numerous awards for achievement. In 1984 he was presented with the title of ?Professor? by the Minister-Prà ¤sident (Chief Minister) of the state of Baden-Wà ¼rttemberg, Lothar Spath. Porsche remained as the chairman of the board of Porsche until 1990 when he retired and became the honorary chairman. Ferdinand (Ferry) Porsche died at the age of 88 on March 27, 1998.

Analysing Sustainability Policies Of Hewlett Packard Environmental Sciences Essay

Company debut. I have selected HP Ltd Company for my assignment subject. Hewlett-Packard ( HP ) is an first-class company. It provides printing and scanning equipments to consumers, concerns, and industry and intuitions all over the World. The company is non merely limited to the industry of pressmans, scanner and peripheral equipment but besides provides consultancies, entree devices, personal computer science and worldwide services to big, average sized and little administrations. I have selected HP Printer Company due to its Climate friendly attitude that is rather obvious from its policies and one-year meeting studies. The HP Company is good committed to cut down C footmark in its policy. It has taken several practical attacks in last few old ages to cut down its C pes print. lineation of the company HP is an international company with supply concatenation all over the universe. The direction construction consists of five board of managers. The chief sections include Nomination and Governance, Human Resource, Audit and engineering. In add-on to the direction board, the company has an executive apparatus dwelling upon senior and executive frailty presidents from concern division and caputs of corporate maps. The executive commission has different duties than the direction squad. The executive commission ensures that the ethical and environmental policies of the company are decently followed. HP uses an first-class nomenclature in planetary ethical small town. It uses the word â€Å" planetary citizenship † which is an existent duty, a company should play to protect planetary environment and beauty to quality for planetary coitizenship. 2.1 Functions of company 2.2 Distinctive characteristics The eco-cost are the amount of direct and in-direct costs of the environmental impacts caused by the merchandise in its full life rhythm. The purpose of the EMS is to happen out alternate design, theoretical account and parts which are eco-friendly. Actually, it is true analysis as impacts on environment does be us like waste direction or the wellness jeopardies to the public etc. HP is climate friendly company. It add the cost of wellness jeopardies of ink, disposal cost and usage of electricity in the existent cost of the pressman to happen out the environmental impacts. Its alone policies to command EMS inside the administration and proctor external organizational environmental activities has made it successful and typical in modern fabrication industry. It has good developed EMS for long clip that is continuously revised and reviewed. The acute involvement of HP Ltd in environmental protection through its fabrication procedure, preparations, awareness compaigh, research, aid to a ssociated houses and counsel to its employees are important characteristics of HP Ltd. 2.3 Business activities and relationship to environment We can depict the impact of pressman by spliting it into three stages ; paper use impacts, electricity use and the direction of waste merchandises. Harmonizing to historical informations, the use of paper has increased to three crease over the last three decennaries ( Mckinny 1995 ) . The paper has been used as a chief beginning of information storage since antediluvian Egyptians invented the papyrus, the Chinese do it more perfect by big scale paper industry and Gutenberg invented the printing imperativeness ( Saaty 1980 ) . The planetary heating has increased the importance of paperless nomenclature and most of organisations and public-service corporation houses are exchanging to the paperless schemes ( Newton 1993 ) . HP Ltd is globally recognised company. It has strong concern dealingss to its partnr companies and subsidieries. HP is fabricating a immense scope of merchandises and rule merchandises like pressmans use vry toxic stuff in the signifier of ink. HP has taken an enviro nmental protection attack to salvage environment by following EMS itself and guaranting that its concern links besides follow its policies. Its audit system, information and consciousness compaigh, support and advice to dependant concerns and proficient aid to associated concern provides satisfaction that HP is working towards its C print decrease scheme successfully and adequately. HP Ltd ‘s environmental policies are non ony refected from its internal organizational dealingss but besides through its relation to spouse companies through out the universe and dependent partnr companies like parts providers, packaging companies, transportors and preparation companies. HP has a right attack to supervise its internal organizational policies and observe external organition'sresonsibilities at the same clip. Environmental duties of the company Environmental impact HP company is bring forthing many merchandises hving direct or indirect impacts on environment. For simpleness, we can dis cussone merchandise ; Printers. Assorted metals are used in pressman ‘s fabrication. The metals include galvanized steel metal for construction, plated steel shafts, and Copper metal in motor and little fraction of Aluminum in other parts. These metal stuffs are reclaimable but Copper in motor may suppress steel recycling. The electronic constituent besides contributes to environmental impact and consists chiefly on printed electronic board ( PWB ) and some electronics. However, the electronic constituents merely make the 3 % weight of the pressmans in entire ( William et al 2005 ) . The electronics in pressmans consist on few PWB ; normally six and weighing approximately 250 gms. The circuit boards are made of few millimeters thick epoxy coated glass fibre cloth laminate plated with Cu but these are free of lead. The procedure of circuit board fabrication consists on FR4 laminate procedure ; a composite and popular laminate substrate industry procedure. The procedure is a wet processing method dwelling on cover, lithography, plating, and electronics engrafting to make a printed circuit board. The epoxy is normally assorted with a bromide fire retardent. Hazard to the administration HP company has environmental direction system in administration. The system has been developed many old ages ago and still come oning towards to cut down the footmark. The EMS is used to place hazards and impacts of the HP company on environment. HP company has a valid survelliance system to place environmental hazards by utilizing its EMS. The hazards may be present in assorted sections incuding operational departmemt, fabrication, packaging, selling and administration. Once cardinal hazard countries are identified and managed, further monitoring, reappraisal and alteration of EMS is carried out to guarantee successful safety to environment. HP company has besides an audit system to look into if the internal operations including environmental protection policy and process are followed or non. The audit section provides a regular observation to look into either company is successful to maintain its planetary citizenship or non. The pressmans are used domestically, commercially and in industry. The general intent of domestically used pressmans is designed to make a satisfied occupation of publishing at acceptable flawlessness degree. Normally, no duplexer is associated with domestically used pressmans and pages are turned manually by the user. Largely two types of cartridges are used ; one for the text printing and other for the colour printing. A printer battalion normally comes with a pressman itself, a black cartridge, a colour cartridge, a power overseas telegram, an external power supply, a USB or other port linking overseas telegram, CD-ROM ( with package ) and a user information brochure. The pressman varies in size and usually weighs range from 1.5 to 5 kilogram. Similarly the monetary value varies harmonizing to do and quality. Now we can take an analysis of pressman ‘s fabrication phase. Printers are made of polymers in their primary construction and in the industry of its parts ( Smits 1996 ) . Two most commonly polymers in pressmans include high impact polystyrene ( HIPS ) and acrylonitrile-butadiene cinnamene ( ABS ) . However, all plastics in pressmans are non needfully HIPS or ABS and 86 % of plastic in pressmans are reclaimable ( William et al 2002 ) . An excluding per centum is non reclaimable due to the presence of filets. However, for the simpleness of our instance survey, we assume that pressman plastics are ABS. We will be sing chief fabrication stuff in life rhythm and will non concentrate on the intermediate stuff processing, packaging and transportation. A tabular array for boxing stuff stock list has been reprocessed from information beginnings ( Jason et al 2005 ) . Legal Duty HP is successfully conformity with environmental related Torahs. These includes European brotherhood limitation of Hazardous Substances ( ROHS ) , WEE Direcive and many more. The ROHS enforce that any electronic merchandise fabrication company must do it certain that the merchandise or constituent may non incorporate lead, quicksilver, Cd, bexavalent, Cr, PBB and PBDE flameretardants more than and over the limitation imposed by jurisprudence. All HP merchandises are conformity with Eu ROHS alteration ( ROHS 2 ) , Turkey ROH, China ROH and all other Ro hiking limitations. HP was one of the few companies who foremost of all achieved complience with EU ROHS in stuff choice non merely in its subdivisions in Europe but in all over the universe. EU ROHS was implemented in 2006. The policy of conformity with material limitation harmonizing to EU ROHS is obvious from one-year study of HP. The one-year study provides a comprehensive treatment and decision on acceptance of material limitation in Al its planetary unit to follow environmental jurisprudence. The HP is besides conformity with WEEE directive. The directing enforce duty on manufacturer of a merchandise to to take back and recycle their ain merchandises. The purpose of directive is to cut down landfill, C print and encourage makers to bring forth less waste.. Critical Review of Company EMS system Policy Every administration concerned with environmental protection has fixed some duties in its charters towards the benefit of environment through its operations.HP is committed to supply environmental protection and therefore it has duties witin administration, with provider and towards general populace every bit good to guarantee that they understand environmental protection. HP has non merely audit system within its ain administration but besides an internal audit system to peep into suppier fabrication system against environmental duties. HP is non a individual unit but it is globally dispersed and has subsideries through out the universe. Head office of HP Ltd is responsible to maintain an appropriate EMS at all of its subordinates. Each concern unit has an environmental guidance commission on environment, heath and safety and a manager of environmental plans. HP has an effectual supply concatenation direction system that is responsible to describe environmental issues in its one-yea r planetary citizenship study. Planing Planning is the first measure in any direction activity. Similarly, HP has an accurateplanning policy for its EMS. Protection of planetary citizenship by carry throughing environmental protection responcibility is ultimate aim in planning policy. The planning policy is non merely HP ‘s planning for EMS. The planning policy besides provide a tool for subordinates and deperndent concerns to develop and pull off their EMS. A council specialised in environmental issues and established to cover with EMS is known as Environmental Strategic Council in HP organizational construction. For illustration, few old ages ago, the strategic council took determination on exclusion of some chemicals from fabricating procedure. The chemicals were unsafe for wellness and safety and may foul environment due to long permanent effects. There was a affair ofcost rise in caseof following safe stuff but strategic council advise to follow safer chemicals instantly and research for cost effectual safer ch emicals in future. Planning is used in planing, material subdivision, energy efficiency, selling and fabrication stages to guarantee EMS has been considered at every phase of a merchandise. The impact of pressman use on environment can be best understood by sing C print produced as a consequence of energy use during its industry, usage and so in waste disposal. All phases of pressman should be considered get downing from, pressman industry to the terminal of printer life. None of the phases can be ignored as disregarding any stage will non number the existent sum of CO2 production at that phase. For illustration, if we ignore fabricating phase so we can disregard the CO2 produced at fabrication phase of the pressman. Execution and operation HP has an effectual direction system that addresses labour issues, labour direction issues, EMS issues, human resource issues, ehical issues and supply concatenation issues. The HP direction has arranged two audit systems. The internal audit system carry out frequent audits depending upon the degree and sum of hazard. The external audits are conducted to keep ISO 14001 and 9000 enfranchisement. The figure of external and internal audits vary harmonizing to the size of site aswell as the complexness of an administration. In HP Ltd, same scheme is applied for internal audits. However, the external audits are normally twice a twelvemonth to maintain ISO criterions. External audits are besides used as a tool to step and record the green house gas emanation. Internal audits farther verify these informations and helps in modifying EMS to decrese green house gas in future. Environmental protection is besides closely associated with wellness and safety ordinances. Therefor internal audits on wellness and safety are besides conducted on a regular basis by wellness and safety commission. 4.4 Communication Communication is an indispensable tool for successful operation of a company. Communication is divided into two parts ; an internal communicating and an external communicating. HP Ltd has really effectual communicating system that was further strengthened by constitution of stakeholder battle council in 2006. Stakeholder engagement council consist on HP ‘s senior directors and guarantee company ‘s relationship with NGO and other stakeholders. The council members are responsible to supply comprehensive support to identify holders in all issues. These issues may be everyday, environmental, opratonal, organizational, preparation, audt or administration. The council member make certain that stakeholder understand the HP ‘s environmental policy and follow it efficaciously. HP doesnot go forth stakeholder in isolaton but provide an integrating communicating with stakeholder into concern pattern. The communicating is carried efficaciously in HP with the aid of be aftering tool, stakeholder battle, on-line information, cognition and database, practical and physical support centres and employee ‘s support. The degree and resource of communicating in HP Ltd includes meetings, studies, input consequences, one-year studies, action programs, policy and processs, conferences and docket Sessionss. HP communicates with clients, providers, contractors and sub-contractors, stakeholders, NGOS, local and international environmental bureaus, employees and empolyers to better understand emerging environmental issues. Documentation HP has policy to document all its activities. Most of important activites are accessable through its one-year studies. HP is working towards environmental ends. It has besides adopted paperless schemes like other environmentally friendly administrations. Therefore most of HP paperss can be achieved on-line. The on-line paperss include HP providers, occupationa wellness andsafety policy, environmental guidelines, merchandise purchase understanding, purchase order term and conditions and many more. Emergency readiness Checking and disciplinary action The involvement of HP limited is existent and can be realised by HP programme to run a charting class of environmental leading in market. The EMS analyzer package, environmental advanced classs, reuse of stuff and following new engineerings are adequate grounds to label HP as an environmentally friendly company. HP has introduced a construct of environmtal matrices as a step of environmental efficiency. The matrices are focused on C print of a merchandise during its development. The usage of environmental matrices is an advanced thought as compared to life rhythm analysis methodological analysis. The environmental public presentation matrices are treated as standard units and are applicable to both domestic and commercial merchandises. HP has non merely improved its merchandises but besides recalled any merchandise, it found hazard to climate. For illustration, the pressmans either industrial, commercial or domestic usage some chemicals in the signifier of ink which is harmful to the environment and human wellness ( Dias 2004 ) . These chemical are hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic and besides do important harm to lungs, skin and nervous tissues if exposed for long clip. The harmful stuffs used in pressman besides contain really hazadorous stuff including Silver, Phosphoric acid and Isopropyl intoxicant. HP has taken a careful attack and introduced less harmful chemicals. One of such steps is the arid printing. The waterless engineering reduces VOCs ( Volatile Organic Compound ) emanations by 98 % . The VOC are the major subscriber in formation of low degree Ozone ( Counsell et al 2007 ) . The low degree ozone can do respiratory jobs and worsen asthma and other respiratory diseases. The VOC are gasses dwelling on harmful chemicals with negative wellness effects. These chemicals cause environmental pollution by distributing crude oi l based ink dies ( Erbes 1996 ) . Petroleum based inks have been the traditional pick in the printing industry. These inks are non considered as environmentally friendly. The other disadvantages of crude oil based inks are the usage of non-renewable resource-petroleum. HP has introduced ink betterment in print industry. These inks are vegetable based and soy based inks and let go of few fractions of VOC. Management Review HP has adopted EMS system for many old ages but it is continuously updated after reappraisal, alteration and amendments in the visible radiation of feedback received by assorted resources. EMS is reviewd andupdated by assorted ways. For illustration, HP run an on-line moralss class for its employees and each employee is tracked either he has updated his preparation or non. In add-on to moralss preparation, other preparations like environmental protection, wellness and safety, fire drill, emergy emptying and consciousness of policy and processs are besides availablein local and multiple linguistic communications. The best illustration of a compulsory preparation at Canada HP centre is called â€Å" Work Well † preparation and cnsist on ergonometric appraisal and compulsory preparation faculties. Stakeholders are besides involved in environmental awareness preparation but it is conducted by HP employees directy interacting with external stakeholders by virtuousness of their busi nss activities. An on-line consciousness an preparation programm is besides available through HP chief web site. In add-on to earlier mentionedtrainings, HP arrange leading, entire quality direction preparations and any farther preparation, it considered necessary for the protection of gobal environment. Life rhythm analysis and EMS Global heating, environmental pollution, industrial reforms to pull off environmental pollution and human attempts to command planetary heating are hot issues now-a-days ( Curran 1996 ) . Every merchandise has a life rhythm get downing from its fabrication to its terminal of life ( Lehman 2007 ) . The life rhythm appraisal ( LCA ) is a important tool to measure the impact of a merchandise on environment throughout its life ( Hischier 2007 ) . Mechanical and fabricating applied scientists can take benefit of LCA informations of a merchandise to reexamine and revise the stuff, design and engineering of the merchandise to cut down its negative impact on the environment ( Fussler et al 1996 ) . With the information of LCA of the merchandises, it is possible to choose environmentally friendly stuff to do merchandises pleasant, less harmful to environment and more efficient ( Guinee 2001 ) . Cost has been a important inducement but information of planetary heating has changed man of affair s and purchaser ‘s position about a merchandise ( Newton 1993 ) . Both purchaser and concern adult male is more attractive to environmentally friendly merchandise ( Cramer et al 1997 ) . Use of computing machines in modern epoch has created a batch of peripheral and accoutrements used parallel to the computing machines. Printers, scanners, web Cam and many other accoutrements are mundane usage in modern epoch. Each of these merchandises is made of assorted stuffs and therefore has assorted phases of life rhythm. There are three important methods to measure the environmental impact of a merchandise ( James 1997 ) . These are known as eco-point, eco-cost and eco-compass. In life rhythm environmental cost analysis ( LCECA ) , the eco costs are included into the entire cost of the merchandise. The LCA of a pressman has been outlined in figure ( 1 & A ; 2 ) get downing from its industry to the terminal of life. The life rhythm of the pressman defines the stuff and energy associated with the pressman over its life rhythm from the extraction, aggregation of the natural stuff at production site, production procedure, its usage, reuse, recycling or disposal at the terminal of life and its part in the planetary C pes print. In a existent sense, the LCA of pressman is an analysis of the stuff and energy flow till the terminal of merchandise life. The packaging and transportation of pressmans besides contribute to the C print and do a part in their life rhythm ( Hischier 2007 ) . The packaging consists on composition board box, poster board, and paper manual and polystyrene restraints ( PEPI 2008 ) . There may be strips of paper film editings as been used to procure pressman packaging in the yesteryear. Transportation and transit of pressman besides contribute in the C print of th e planetary heating Figure 1 ; LCA Figure 2 ; Printer Life Cycle stages The pressmans use paper, ink and electricity through out of their life rhythm. The cartridges consist on polythene Terephthalate ( PET ) glass filled polyester and electronics. Largely, LCA of a merchandise is focused to happen out impact on C pes printing ( Guinee 2001 ) . Harmonizing to a research conducted by HP on its inkjet pressman LCA, paper has a important part in carbon pes printing ( HP 2009 ) . Contribution to carbon pes printing is a planetary nomenclature to happen out environmental impact of a merchandise during its lifecycle ( Fussler 1996 ) . An stock list tabular array has been reprocessed by taking information from two resources ( See table 1for pressman and table 2 & A ; 3 for Cartridge and packaging ) . Item`Note Metallic elements ( Total ) 910 Steel 696 Aluminum 165 Copper 49 Motor Winding Plastic ( Total ) 2179 Reclaimable 1887 Non-Recyclable 292 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene 163 Hip 1472 Others plastics 544 Includes elastomers etc Others Genera 144 Electronicss ( Total ) 507 Including external overseas telegram and power supply. Printer Total 3740 Recyclable ( Total ) 2947 Includes reclaimable metals, plastics, Cu etc. Reclaimable ( % ) 79 % Table 1 ( Inventory tabular array reproduced by information sourced Jason et al 2005 ; William et Al 2002 ) Ratio between reclaimable and non-recyclable stuff in an inkjet pressman Figure 3 ; Comparison between reclaimable and non-recyclable stuff Inventory tabular array reproduced by information sourced Jason et al 2005 ; William et Al 2002Cartridge MaterialItemMass ( gm )NotePlastics ( entire )20PET+ 15 % GF20Other PlasticsOther Generals ( entire )Electronicss4Ink21Black 21 g/Color 42 gCartridge Total45Table 2 ( Jason et al 2005 ; William et Al 2002 )Printer PackagingTable 3Printer PackagingItemMass ( gm )NotePolystyrene0.014Transporting restrainPolycarbonate0.015CadmiumPaperboard/Cardboard0.881Office paper0.107Manual etcPackaging ( Total )1.017Table 3 Jason et Al 2005 ; William et Al 2002 )

Temple of Heaven

The layout and architecture of the Temple of Heaven is filled with symbolism. According to symbolic tradition, Heaven is round and the earth is square. Therefore, all of the buildings in the temple complex are round in shape, while their retaining walls and the axis are square. The surrounding walls of the complex also reflect these traditions. The southern side of the wall is square and the northern is round. The emperor would enter the temple complex from the south and this would symbolize his transition from earth to heaven. The glazed roof tiles of the major buildings in the temple complex are blue, symbolizing heaven.Other buildings have green or yellow roof tiles. The green tiles represent Buddhism and the yellow represent the emperor. Only imperial or imperial sanctioned buildings were allowed the colored tile roofs. The building was built without a single nail. The beams, pillars, and rafters were built in such a way that the weight of the building holds the structure togethe r. The hall has 28 pillars which symbolize the 28 constellations. In the center of the hall are four pillars known as the Dragon Well Pillars. The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests is surrounded by a square surrounding wall.On the east and west sides of the hall are two halls which was where the gods of the sun, the moon, the stars, thunder, and lighting were prayed to. These halls now exhibit the musical instruments played during the ceremonies at the Temple of Heaven. A round building with a single-gabled roof topped with a gilded ball, the Imperial Vault of Heaven is located directly south of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests. It was first built in 1530 and rebuilt in 1752 by Emperor Qianlong. Its design is similar to the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, but on a much smaller scale.It is built on a single tiered marble base. The vault housed the tablet of the Emperor of Heaven and the emperor’s ancestral tablets. These tablets were prayed to and offered offerings and we re used as a symbolic representation of the emperor’s ancestors. The surrounding wall around the Imperial Vault of Heaven is commonly referred to as the Echo Wall. Because of the way it was built, if a person standing on one side, facing the wall and whispers towards it, a person on the opposite side can hear it clearly. Directly in front of the Imperial Vault of Heaven is what is known as the Triple Sound Stone.If a person stands on the first stone and speaks towards the vault, his words will echo once. If he stands on the second stone, his words will echo twice. If he stands on the third stone, his words will echo three times. It is quite remarkable and absolutely true. Circular Mound Altar: South of the Imperial Vault of Heaven lies the Circular Mound Alter. Originally built in 1530 by Emperor Jiajing, it was rebuilt in 1740 by Emperor Qianlong. The altar is a three tiered plinth made entirely of white marble. It is here that the emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties off ered sacrifices to heaven annually on the winter solstice.The ceremony was meant to thank heaven and ensure that the next year would be prosperous. The numbers of stones which make up each tier are in multiples of nine, which is a prevailing theme at the Temple of Heaven and in fact, all imperial sites. In Daoism, even numbers represent women and odd numbers represent men. The highest odd number is nine and it is representative of the emperor. In the center of the top terrace is a round stone known as the Heaven’s Heart Stone. Usage Since the emperor of China was considered the Son of Heaven, he was responsible for administer earthly matters on behalf of heaven.He did this by offering sacrifices to heaven. Twice a year, the emperor, along with thousands of eunuchs, ministers, and princes would proceed to the Temple of Heaven. The emperor would fast in the Hall of Abstinence located near the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests for several days. He would live in the complex during the ceremonies. The entire country relied on the emperor for good harvests and weather. The ceremonies were prepared for months in advance and it was believed that it had to be perfectly performed because the smallest mistake would be a bad omen for the coming year.If there was a year of flooding or famine, the people would believe that the emperor had fallen out of favor with heaven, so it was of extreme importance for the emperor to ensure everything went perfectly. Outside of the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests, the emperor would personally use oxen to plow a few rows to symbolize the first plowing and planting of the season. At the Imperial Vault of Heaven, the emperor would pray to the Emperor of Heaven and his ancestors, and on the Circular Mount altar, he would pray to heaven for a year of good weather and luck. All of these rituals ensured that the emperor and the empire would be prosperous.Currant Usage For centuries, no commoner was allowed to look inside the Temple of H eaven. Today it is open to the public and has become a beautiful park that is as popular with locals as with tourists. The complex is very large and the areas around the temples are large and filled with ancient cypress trees. Locals will arrive early in the morning to perform taichi, play badminton, chess, or dance, play music, or sing with their friends. The temple complex has a real community feel to it and it is a wonderful place to mingle with locals and see firsthand what locals do in their free time.Built as a place of worship, the temple is different from any other imperial structures. There are two parts in the temple zone. The outer wall of the temple zone is 6,416 meters in length while the inner wall 3,292 meters long. The architecture of the temple represents two themes: in the heaven and on the earth. The 6 meters high walls of the temple constitute a semi- circle in the north and a semi- rectangle in the south. This special layout illustrates an important belief in an cient China that the heaven is round and the earth rectangular.The northern section of the wall is high while the south is low, which means that the heaven is higher and superior to earth. All the essential architecture of the temple were built along a north – south central axis and are linked by a bridge called Danbi. The four main structures from the south to the north are the Circular Mound later (Huang Yuan Qiu Tan), the Imperial Heavenly Vault (Huang Qiong Yu), the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvest (Qi Nian Dian), and the Hall of Imperial Zenith (Huang Qi Dian). Other interesting places in the park include the Hall of Abstinence, the Dressing Platform and the Nine Dragon Cypress.

Did Oliver Cromwell Achieve his Objectives Essay Example

Did Oliver Cromwell Achieve his Objectives Essay Example Did Oliver Cromwell Achieve his Objectives Essay Did Oliver Cromwell Achieve his Objectives Essay To begin answering this question, one must first identify what Cromwells objectives actually were. The three main aspects that really concerned Cromwell were political, social and religious. Oliver was a very undecided man and often his aims were unclear. He is one of the most controversial figures in history and head of Britains only republican government to date. There is little doubt that his religion was most important to Cromwell, and that his aims in this area spilled over into his other policies. Almost everything he did was mingled with the idea of providence or the will of God as he saw it; he often used God to cloak his true ambitions.Cromwells main objectives were indisputably the healing and settlement and Godly reformation of the country. The problem that arises is that they are incompatible and almost contradict each other; this incompatibility and contradiction goes as deep as his own personality. The most important factor in Cromwells life was God. Cromwell was origin ally from the lower gentry and a social conservative at heart, but a radical zealot at the same time. This most unusual radical conservatism (or in the words of Blair Wordon ideological schizophrenia) was the cause of most of the failures he suffered; he could never satisfy both sides effectively.It is possible that this was genuine schizophrenia, as before he found God he was diagnosed with melancholy [depression] by a physician. He also had a peculiar character for a ruler and was well known for his often bad etiquette and practical jokes. After the religious awakening that apparently cured him of his depression, from the early 1630s onwards he was a devout protestant. He became zealous fanatically religious and from then on anything that happened was, in Cromwells eyes, a direct result of Gods will.He was a soldier and every battle was a religious event; his army was the instrument of God. This idea of providence plays a major part in most of his active decisions. In his strif e for both a settlement and a Godly reformation he experimented with a number of different parliaments and constitutions. Notably, Cromwell was fairly tolerant of different religious sects. This was unlike any former head of state in England indeed, there had been many killed during the reign of the Tudors in the name of religion, and the national religion changed many times. Cromwell was far more liberal and allowed many Protestant sects such as Baptists and Presbyterians. However, Catholics were most definitely not welcome and Cromwell went as far as to denounce Papists (and Cavaliers) as uns of this can be seen in both the Rump and Barebones parliaments.The Rump, in Cromwells zealous opinion, had become estranged from God; in the dissolving speech he called the MPs drunkards and whoremasters and men who were scandalous to the profession of the gospel. The Barebones however, was too radical for Cromwells conservative side; they threatened to sweep hierarchical social order away i n a torrent of reforms. While Cromwell might not have been able to get on well with parliaments, MPs in general liked him no better. Two things they hated were religious liberty and the army (mainly because of the armys huge influence in government), and Cromwell was strongly associated with both.It took Cromwell weeks to decide not to accept the crown. His eventual decline of the offer was ultimately down to his strong will to do Gods bidding. By providence God had shown that the capital punishment of Charles I was right, and the army had fought a most unpleasant civil war for parliament and a change in the constitution. He knew that the army would have been likely to rise up against him if he accepted, as this is just what they had fought to remove. However, Cromwell was not at all happy with the execution; his conservative side longed for a peaceful settlement with the king.What probably took him so long to decline was that he knew the crown could have provided the settlement the country needed. It is clear that the majority of the population were in a way lost without a divine king to rule them, and this can be seen with the benefit or retrospect as the crown was back only two years after Cromwells death. However there is in addition a less spiritual reason; if Cromwell had accepted he would have had reduced powers to carry out the reforms he wanted; his powers as Lord Protector were far greater than the kings. Perhaps he was also contemplating whether or not the crown was one of his objectives. He had risen through the ranks from a lowly country squire to overlord and was then in a position to become king. It was surely his zealous side that prevented him, even if his it would have been the ultimate goal for his conservative side.The Major-Generals experiment of 1655-56 was quite a drastic step to take, but the embarrassing defeat of the Western Design made it necessary by providence. Just as victories showed Cromwell that God was on his side, such a defe at must mean he had lost Gods support. The Major-Generals were possibly the closest Cromwell actually came to creating the godly nation he sought for. This objective was never fully achieved, but there was at the very least a reformation of manners to turn people to do the will of God which he achieved for a while. The Major-Generals were authoritarian regional figures, in control of every aspect of life. Firstly security was the objective as there had been some Royalist uprisings, but they were also there to see Cromwells reformation of manners to fruition.They went on a purge of all things un-Godly such as brothels, blasphemy and adultery down to drinking and swearing, which was met by the general population with apathy at best. There were only a small few zealots who shared Cromwells passion for Godliness, and this is really why Cromwell achieved none of his main objectives: Apart from his declared enemies, there was the majority of the country who were far more interested in s ettlement than reformation, or just not interested at all. After only a year as if Cromwells want for healing and settlement had gained control over his will for reformation again. Nevertheless, for as long as he actually pursued the reformation of manners it was effective, and Cromwells England became a marvellous protestant role model for the rest of the world.One area in which Cromwell did appear successful was foreign policy. Spains Catholicism was unforgivable and England remained at war with them, however peace was made with the Protestant Dutch. Despite the failure of the Western Design and the expense of this war there were many great victories over Spain, notably in the Mediterranean under Admiral Blake and Jamaica was brought under English rule. Closer to home the republic slowly gained control over Scotland and Ireland making Britain a reality; Cromwell himself leading his army In Ireland for example. Nearly all of Cromwells actions regarding foreign policy promoted Engla nd as a major Protestant power with a competent army this was one major objective that was actually achieved.Certain incidents such as the slaughter of civilians at Drogheda were all part and partial of crushing Irish and Royalist risings; Cromwells justification is that killing these people, will tend to prevent the effusion of blood for the future. At the time the alliance made with France against Spain was an effective policy, although some historians think that Cromwell should have noticed France overtaking Spain in power. If he had allied with Spain and fought France then both Catholic nations would be weakened, but Englands long nurtured hatred of Spain far outweighed this. I believe that it would have been impossible at the time to predict Englands later conflict with the French.There are many other areas of success under the Lord Protector and Commonwealth. The country was not only internationally respectable, but also domestically very secure. Amongst some of the law refor m was a decree passed so that all legal proceedings were to be conducted in the English language, not Latin. To bring the whole country more in line with his religious aspirations he sent reliable clergy to Wales and Scotland as part of the Acts for the Propagation of the Gospel. A modern and impressive navy was also constructed, and most of the old rivalries disappeared. Indeed, people like Thomas Mainwaring in particular held banquets at which old civil war adversaries dined together. An obvious example of Cromwells own personal achievement was his military prowess. He rose through the ranks to become head of the best army England had known, and it was this position that enabled him to take on the role of Lord Protector after the regicide.Cromwells main objective of Godly reformation was essentially a failure that resulted in the restoration of the monarchy a mere two years after his death. The reasons for this failure are twofold: The apathy or unwillingness of the population tow ards becoming Gods nation and Cromwell himself. He could not manage to create one stable government in all his time as Lord Protector. And although he failed in his main task in the long run, it was a noble attempt that set a precedent in world politics. The progress made to settle and heal the country made their mark too. Cromwells zeal had got him to the number one spot in the country, but once there he was did not appear to be able to make good his ideals. Cromwells early life and upbringing as an English gentleman held him back from any tangible radical reformation and the ideas of settlement and reformation were in continuous conflict in his mind.

Free Essays on Independent Farming Verses Working For An Agribusiness Company

Independent Farming Versus Working for an Agribusiness Company Majoring in Agriculture gives one the opportunity to make a career decision to choose to be an independent farmer or to join a noted agribusiness company. One will have to consider the pro’s of owning a farm and working for a noted agribusiness company. On the hand, both career choices have con’s as well. Due to the importance of the decision, one will have to take time to make the best possible choice for the individual. Looking at a career as an independent farmer, one will have the opportunity to own a farm and not have to work for someone else. Owning a farm gives one a material object to leave to other family members. One will not have to answer to others, when making a business decision. When purchasing and operating a farm, one will have to make financially pressing decisions. However all the of the opportunities that come with along with the job of being an independent farmer, will give the farmer the motivation to work harder and be successful. Compared to being an independent farmer, working for a noted agribusiness will give one more clout and be less stressful financially. The noted agribusiness company will be able to provide the employee with insurance, benefits, a retirement plan, and vacation time. The individual will not be directly responsible for the financial responsibility of the business. In some situations, one’s perception of a business man’s clout is higher than that of an independent farmer. After one has analyzed all the rewards of both career choices, one will be able to consider the down falls of being an independent farmer or working for a noted agribusiness company. An independent farmer will be working hard, long hours. The stress level of an independent farmer will also be high due to finances, weather conditions, crop prices and many other factors related to farming. Agribusiness company employees do not... Free Essays on Independent Farming Verses Working For An Agribusiness Company Free Essays on Independent Farming Verses Working For An Agribusiness Company Independent Farming Versus Working for an Agribusiness Company Majoring in Agriculture gives one the opportunity to make a career decision to choose to be an independent farmer or to join a noted agribusiness company. One will have to consider the pro’s of owning a farm and working for a noted agribusiness company. On the hand, both career choices have con’s as well. Due to the importance of the decision, one will have to take time to make the best possible choice for the individual. Looking at a career as an independent farmer, one will have the opportunity to own a farm and not have to work for someone else. Owning a farm gives one a material object to leave to other family members. One will not have to answer to others, when making a business decision. When purchasing and operating a farm, one will have to make financially pressing decisions. However all the of the opportunities that come with along with the job of being an independent farmer, will give the farmer the motivation to work harder and be successful. Compared to being an independent farmer, working for a noted agribusiness will give one more clout and be less stressful financially. The noted agribusiness company will be able to provide the employee with insurance, benefits, a retirement plan, and vacation time. The individual will not be directly responsible for the financial responsibility of the business. In some situations, one’s perception of a business man’s clout is higher than that of an independent farmer. After one has analyzed all the rewards of both career choices, one will be able to consider the down falls of being an independent farmer or working for a noted agribusiness company. An independent farmer will be working hard, long hours. The stress level of an independent farmer will also be high due to finances, weather conditions, crop prices and many other factors related to farming. Agribusiness company employees do not...

Apush Outline

The Bonds of Empire, 1660-1750 o Rebellion and War, 1660-1713 ? Before Restoration (1660), England made little attempt to weld colonies ? Royal Centralization, 1660-1688 †¢ Restoration monarchs disliked representative government †¢ Charles II rarely called parliament into session after 1674, and none after 1681 †¢ James II wanted to rule as absolute monarch o Meant he would never face an elected legislation †¢ These 2 kings had little sympathy for Am.   RI, and Plymouth into Dominion of New Eng. o 1688= NY and the Jerseys came in o Sir Edmund Andros became governor of Dominion of New Eng. ? The Glorious Revolution in England and America, 1688-1689 †¢ Charles II converted to Catholicism on deathbed †¢ Eng. olerated James’ conversion to Catholicism b/c his heirs (Mary and Anne) were Anglican †¢ Bloodless revolution of 1688=Glorious revolution o Created limited monarchy in Eng. ? Promised to summon parliament once a yr. , sign all its bills, and respect traditional civil liberties o William and Mary (now king and queen of eng. after they overthrew James) dismantled Dominion of New Eng. o NY rebelled with Leisler’s Rebellion ? The Enlightenment †¢ In 1750 the Enlightenment’s greatest contributions to Am. life still lay in the future. A quarter-century later, Anglo-Am. drew on the enlightenment’s revolutionary ideas as they declared their independence from Britain and created the foundations of a new nation †¢ It was an age of optimism, tempered by the realistic recognition of the sad state of the human condition and the need for major reforms. The Enlightenment was less a set of ideas than it was a set of attitudes. At its core was a critical questioning of traditional institutions, customs, and morals. ? The Great Awakening †¢ In New England, the Great Awakening was influential among many Congregationalists †¢ In the Middle and Southern colonies, the Awakening was influential among Presbyterians and other dissenting Protestants. †¢ A time of increased religious activity. The revival began with Jonathan Edwards, a well-educated theologian and Congregationalist minister from Northampton, Massachusetts, who came from Puritan and Calvinist roots, but emphasized the importance and power of immediate, personal religious experience. †¢ Edwards’ sermons were powerful and attracted a large following. o Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, is his most famous sermon. †¢ The Methodist preacher George Whitefield, visiting from England, continued the movement, traveling across the colonies and preaching in a more dramatic and emotional style, accepting everyone into his audiences.

Racial Identity and Racial Identifications Essay

Racial Identity and Racial Identifications - Essay Example The two classification methods often cause confusion when it comes to racial identity. Some people may identify themselves with a given race based on its cultures. However, this identification may be very different from the color of their skin. In fact, they may call themselves black but phenotypically they are white in color. Misunderstandings and confusions on whether to identify one’s race using external or internal characteristics have led to the aspect of racial identity being simplified and distorted by some people (Maureen) Simplification, in this case, is whereby an individual tries to define racial identity based on either external or internal characteristics alone. However, the definition fails to describe racial identity as a complex aspect of human nature may be affected by other factors. Many people would simply define racial identity as to refer to skin color while other would prefer to follow cultures. Others would even be distorted by the racial identity thing. ‘Distorted’ in this case meaning these people are mixed up and misunderstand the racial identity issue. ... This is a small boy who is trying to identify himself with a certain race. The boy is black in color but the fact that he described himself as black and white highlights the fact that the boy uses both internal and external characteristics of his racial identity. According to the author, the boy has both African and Irish roots. The author tries to convince the boy that he is black because of his skin color, but the boy insists that he is black and white. This shows how the writer simplifies the racial identity issue. Distortion comes in from the point of view of two different people that have different ways of defining racial identity. We are, therefore, not in a position to decide which of the two methods is best. Senna Describes herself as black in color but with parents from different races. The author writes of having a wasp mother and a black-Mexican father. She also describes herself as a black woman thereby introducing the use of external phenotypic characteristics to describ e racial identity. Her parents decided to raise her and her other siblings as black. This was not based on their skin color but their own choice. It was some sought of culture that believed that being black was a privilege and that black was beautiful too (Senna). In this case, there is the use of both external and internal characteristics for racial identity. These parents decided to raise their kids as black is a way of teaching the kids that black can be a culture. Therefore, the kids can racially identify themselves as black not only by the color of their skins but also by the type of culture they decide to embrace. This can be a simplified way of racial identification. However, it can be very hard to adopt for extremists who use color for racial identification.  

Bureaucratic organization definition Research Paper

Bureaucratic organization definition - Research Paper Example Bureaucratic organization is therefore highly systematic because it ensures remarkable level of control by initiating hierarchy of authority and power maintained by appropriate rules and regulations. Based on the above definition, the key in bureaucratic organization is the presence of hierarchy which substantially helps individual or member draw the line between power or authority and control. For this reason, a bureaucratic organization could turn out as a highly formalized system with the inclusion of substantial rules and control. According to Weber, the characteristics of bureaucratic organization include the presence of division of labor, rules, hierarchy of authority, impersonality and competence (Lunenburg & Ornstein, 2007, p.42). This means that in bureaucratic organizations, positions have clearly defined objectives and ordered in hierarchy, there are corresponding rules and precedents, there must impersonality and impartiality, a career ladder is present, and there must be standard norm of efficiency (Kornblum, 2011, p.144). However, even though bureaucratic organization is organized this way, it still consists of network of contracts that interplay, that at some point collusion may be significantly observed (Tirole, 1986). This view is substantially contradictory to what is set as bureaucratic organization where high level of control is remarkable. If this would be the case, then even there would be division of labor and even social networks, the hierarchy must still prevail and in essence, rules must suppose to always prevail.

Karen Head and Thomas Friedman on the topic of MOOCs and their ability Essay

Karen Head and Thomas Friedman on the topic of MOOCs and their ability to deliver writing instruction online - Essay Example Usually, participants of a MOOC can be learners who are enrolled at a particular institution or any individual with internet access. Dr. Karen Head, an assistant professor at the School of Literature, Media and Communication in Georgia Institute of Technology, and a New York Times OP-ED Columnist Thomas Friedman seem to agree and disagree on a number of aspects that concern the MOOCs. While the former presents an objective look at the subject, the latter is quite optimistic about the whole idea surrounding the MOOCs. Both authors seem to agree to the fact that MOOCs are a noble idea that can revolutionize the education sector in terms of expanded access and reduced costs. For example, in her article â€Å"Lessons Learned from a Freshman-Composition MOOC†, Head (2013) observes that about 21,934 students enrolled for the freshman composition course. This is quite a huge number of students receiving the course, which would have otherwise been restricted to few tens of students if it was to be offered in a traditional classroom setting. In Inside a MOOC in Progress, Head (2013) observes that with the application of tools such as Google Maps, students can be reached on every continent. Friedman refers to MOOCs as a revolution. In his article Revolution hits the Universities, Friedman (2013) notes that MOOCs have a huge potential in unlocking many more brains in solving the world’s pressing problems. However, the two authors seem to present different views on the effectiveness and practi cability of MOOCs on the ground. First, Dr. Head observes that while many students enroll for the MOOCs, the retention rates are terrible. For example, out of the 21,934 students who had enrolled for the freshman composition course, about 14,771 of them were active in the course, but only 238 students managed to receive a completion certificate, (Head, 2013). Receiving the completion

Gender in the Mediterranean community of Tunisia Research Proposal - 1

Gender in the Mediterranean community of Tunisia - Research Proposal Example Not being a really rich nation, the people of Tunisia still succeeded in transforming it into a modern society; particularly in areas a little urbanized. Having an expected life of more than 70 years and medical services accessed universally, noticeable profits are collected from the social sectors, having significant contribution to the position of women in Tunisia. Modification of constitutional legislation for promoting gender equality has been done as well, but practicing laws as well as traditions are still creating obstacles in the way of true changes in many way. (Euromed, 2010). Hard endeavors are made while the last decade was running in order to promote the gender equality by legislation as well as social and economic means. As the rates of literacy for women are increasing gradually, females are now distinctly over smarting males in various field of higher education. Females are eventually taking entry into work force and leading positions these days. Legislation is undergoing continuous updates in order to promote the equality in gender. While equality in gender is given by the country’s law and supported by the government, the patriarchal heritage of Tunisia is still in a hindering progress. In the cases of, a family and inheritance court normally ruled by shari’a law of Muslims, which in these cases imposes discrimination against women. The traditional values are being lost in the most families in Tunisia as a new generation is growing up. (Euromed, 2010; Euromed, 2009) The constitution of Tunisia says about the equality of rights as well as responsibilities among all the citizens and everyone comes equally under the laws.

Zara as a fashion retailer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zara as a fashion retailer - Essay Example Marketing of products and hence the proper management of marketing is an essential factor for every organization and requires extensive measures to be successful and satisfy its customers by fulfilling their demands. Thus the understanding of the marketing management of a company and its strategic options available are essential for the company’s success. The current study focuses on the marketing management and the strategic options available to the Zara fashion retailer and from the study determines the key marketing strategies that may be incorporated in the company’s objectives and marketing plans as well as apply the concepts of marketing in the company’s future success. Zara Company: Market, Consumer, and Competition: In the global world of competition, it is necessary for every organization to undertake measures to increase its competitive advantage over its competitors. Zara is a popular fashion retailer whose parent company is Inditex. In order to achiev e the competitive advantage over its competitors that include companies like Hennes and Mauritz (H&M), The Gap, Benetton, the company has plans to address the constraints encountered by its competitors such that they can overcome any obstacles. The core competencies of the company have provided the company with improved financial outcomes increasing its status over its competitors in the market. Such a phase has been possible for the company to achieve owing to the consumers of the company who have made it a success for the company. The consumers are highly satisfied with the company since Zara focuses extensively on responding quickly to the demands of the customers, increasing the speed of the flow of information in between the ultimate consumer and the company. Thus through the competitive advantages the Zara Company has made a position for itself in the industry and among the target market (Zara: Fashion Follower, Industry Leader, 2004). Mission and Objectives of the Company: Th e primary aim of the company is to create a sustainable development for the society in which they survive and contribute towards the welfare of the environment. Thus the main objectives of the company include saving of energy, manufacturing eco-friendly shops, produce less waste and perform recycling, maintaining commitment towards the company’s workforce and prepare and sustain a team that would remain aware of the environment. The above mentioned objectives of the company deal with the retail stores of the company. In regard to the products of the company, the company has set its objectives in use of ecological fabrics, cotton that is organic in nature and manufacture of footwear that is PVC-free in nature. In regard to transport facilities of the company, biodiesel is used by the company keeping focus on the welfare of the environment. Products based on animals that are available in the company are made available from animals raised in their farms and animals are not sacri ficed for the purpose (Our Mission Statement, 2010). Stakeholders of Zara Company: The employees, the customers, and the suppliers are the main stakeholders of the company. The Zara Company has its primary focus on the utmost level of satisfaction of its customers and hence the company takes all necessary measures to manufacture and design products based on the demands of the customers. This attracts more customers for the brand. The employees of the company are also addressed and their

Karen Head and Thomas Friedman on the topic of MOOCs and their ability Essay

Karen Head and Thomas Friedman on the topic of MOOCs and their ability to deliver writing instruction online - Essay Example Usually, participants of a MOOC can be learners who are enrolled at a particular institution or any individual with internet access. Dr. Karen Head, an assistant professor at the School of Literature, Media and Communication in Georgia Institute of Technology, and a New York Times OP-ED Columnist Thomas Friedman seem to agree and disagree on a number of aspects that concern the MOOCs. While the former presents an objective look at the subject, the latter is quite optimistic about the whole idea surrounding the MOOCs. Both authors seem to agree to the fact that MOOCs are a noble idea that can revolutionize the education sector in terms of expanded access and reduced costs. For example, in her article â€Å"Lessons Learned from a Freshman-Composition MOOC†, Head (2013) observes that about 21,934 students enrolled for the freshman composition course. This is quite a huge number of students receiving the course, which would have otherwise been restricted to few tens of students if it was to be offered in a traditional classroom setting. In Inside a MOOC in Progress, Head (2013) observes that with the application of tools such as Google Maps, students can be reached on every continent. Friedman refers to MOOCs as a revolution. In his article Revolution hits the Universities, Friedman (2013) notes that MOOCs have a huge potential in unlocking many more brains in solving the world’s pressing problems. However, the two authors seem to present different views on the effectiveness and practi cability of MOOCs on the ground. First, Dr. Head observes that while many students enroll for the MOOCs, the retention rates are terrible. For example, out of the 21,934 students who had enrolled for the freshman composition course, about 14,771 of them were active in the course, but only 238 students managed to receive a completion certificate, (Head, 2013). Receiving the completion

Zara as a fashion retailer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Zara as a fashion retailer - Essay Example Marketing of products and hence the proper management of marketing is an essential factor for every organization and requires extensive measures to be successful and satisfy its customers by fulfilling their demands. Thus the understanding of the marketing management of a company and its strategic options available are essential for the company’s success. The current study focuses on the marketing management and the strategic options available to the Zara fashion retailer and from the study determines the key marketing strategies that may be incorporated in the company’s objectives and marketing plans as well as apply the concepts of marketing in the company’s future success. Zara Company: Market, Consumer, and Competition: In the global world of competition, it is necessary for every organization to undertake measures to increase its competitive advantage over its competitors. Zara is a popular fashion retailer whose parent company is Inditex. In order to achiev e the competitive advantage over its competitors that include companies like Hennes and Mauritz (H&M), The Gap, Benetton, the company has plans to address the constraints encountered by its competitors such that they can overcome any obstacles. The core competencies of the company have provided the company with improved financial outcomes increasing its status over its competitors in the market. Such a phase has been possible for the company to achieve owing to the consumers of the company who have made it a success for the company. The consumers are highly satisfied with the company since Zara focuses extensively on responding quickly to the demands of the customers, increasing the speed of the flow of information in between the ultimate consumer and the company. Thus through the competitive advantages the Zara Company has made a position for itself in the industry and among the target market (Zara: Fashion Follower, Industry Leader, 2004). Mission and Objectives of the Company: Th e primary aim of the company is to create a sustainable development for the society in which they survive and contribute towards the welfare of the environment. Thus the main objectives of the company include saving of energy, manufacturing eco-friendly shops, produce less waste and perform recycling, maintaining commitment towards the company’s workforce and prepare and sustain a team that would remain aware of the environment. The above mentioned objectives of the company deal with the retail stores of the company. In regard to the products of the company, the company has set its objectives in use of ecological fabrics, cotton that is organic in nature and manufacture of footwear that is PVC-free in nature. In regard to transport facilities of the company, biodiesel is used by the company keeping focus on the welfare of the environment. Products based on animals that are available in the company are made available from animals raised in their farms and animals are not sacri ficed for the purpose (Our Mission Statement, 2010). Stakeholders of Zara Company: The employees, the customers, and the suppliers are the main stakeholders of the company. The Zara Company has its primary focus on the utmost level of satisfaction of its customers and hence the company takes all necessary measures to manufacture and design products based on the demands of the customers. This attracts more customers for the brand. The employees of the company are also addressed and their

Japanese Culture Essay Example for Free

Japanese Culture Essay Abstract It is important to understand that an individuals perspective of death and dying is greatly impacted by their culture. In this paper I will discuss how the Japanese culture approaches death and dying. I will also discuss the unique concept of organ transplantation that surrounds that Japanese culture. This paper presents the law of organ transplantation in Japan, which allows people to decide whether brain death can be used to determine their death in agreement with their family. Japan could become a unique example of individual choice in the definition of death if the law is revised to allow individuals choose definition of death independently of their family. The death and dying rituals involved in the Japanese culture will be discussed. Overview of the Japanese Culture In the latter half of the twentieth century, developed countries of the world have made remarkable strides in organ donation and transplantation. However, in this area of medicine, Japan has been slow to follow. Japanese ethics, deeply rooted in religion and tradition, have affected their outlook on life and death. The Japanese have only recently started to acknowledge the concept of brain death and transplantation of major organs has been hindered in that country. Currently, there is a dual definition of death in Japan, intended to satisfy both sides of the issue. This interesting paradox, which still stands to be fully resolved, illustrates the controversial conflict between medical ethics and medical progress in Japan. The Japanese culture considers a human being both alive and dead, an integrated body, mind, and spirit (Dennis, 2009, p.12). Therefore removing an organ from a brain-dead person involves a disturbance in this natural integrated unit. In the Japanese culture organ donation and organ transplantation are unpopular and rare (Dennis, 2009). According to Dennis (2009), the Japanese culture believes that a dead body must remain whole because if they are not whole, that dead person will be unhappy in the next world. Japanese Culture on Death and Dying It is crucial to understand that an individuals perspective of death and dying is greatly impacted by their culture. Japan is the only country, which permits individual choice in death definition for the purpose of organ transplantation, and in agreement with the persons family. The Japanese organ transplantation law of 1997 is a long debate on brain death and organ transplantation. Over almost three decades, medical, legal and public discussion has occurred; a lack of consensus on the definition of human death caused a long delay in adopting a law on organ procurement (Akabayashi, 1997). Finally, policy makers in Japan have adopted a law with unique features, such as giving an opportunity to individuals to choose the definition of death based on their own views. Therefore, in Japan individuals may choose either cessation of cardio†respiratory function or loss of entire brain function for their death pronouncement (Morioka, 2001). However, the choice is permitted in Japanese law only if organs can potentially be used for transplant with the agreement of the family, which means that although individuals can choose the definition of death based on their own views, the law gives power to the family to confirm or reject the choice. The law allows the family to override the individual choice in death definition (Akabayashi, 1997). The first effort to pass a law on organ transplantation following brain death failed in 1994. The main reason why the proposed law was rejected in 1994 is said to be because it stated that brain death is equal to death, and also because it approved surrogate decision making by the family. These issues raised serious arguments and concerns among some members, resulting in defeat of the legislation (Akabayashi, 1997). However, the situation has changed since then and, as public polls show, the number of people who accept the concept of brain death has increased from 29% to 60%. (Lock, 1996) . The current law states that for organ removal, the donors prior declaration and family agreement are both necessary requirements (Japan Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare, 1997). The organ donation provisions of the law apply for brain dead donors as well as any cadaver. The law authorizes organ removal from a brain†dead person only if the donor has, during his life expressed in writing his consent to the diagnosis of brain death, as well as, his intention to donate his organ(s). Therefore, the law authorizes individuals to choose between the traditional definition or the alternative standard based on brain function by signing an â€Å"Organ Donation Decision Card†. Individuals can state their wishes at the back of this card by marking one of the following items: (1) I wish to be a donor based on the brain†oriented definition; (2) I want to be a donor after cardiac death; or (3) I refuse to donate organs (Bagheri, 2003). The law is not free of criticism, especially in terms of adopting a double standard regarding the role of the family. On the one hand, it gives the family the power to veto an individuals willingness to donate. On the other hand, it does not authorize the family to be a surrogate decision maker based on the interests of their beloved ones when they are in a brain†dead state and the organ donor card cannot be found. Nevertheless, the unbalanced role and power of veto of the family under the present law can be seen as a hindrance to organ procurement in Japan (Bagheri, 2003). The process of dying is regarded not as an individual event but as a family event in the Japanese culture (Kimura, 1998). There is no doubt that any transplant†related legislation should be concerned with inclusion of the opinion of the family in the decision†making process. This forms a basis for social acceptance of the legislation. However, in any culture a practical question arises: to what extent is the familys opinion to be taken into consideration? According to the law, family consent is required both for organ procurement and for declaration of death according to brain†based criteria. Therefore an individual can choose the definition of death with the agreement of her or his family, but not independently (Kimura, 1998). Japan is the only country that allows individuals to choose either the traditional definition or the brain†oriented definition of death, but individual choice must be confirmed by the family; therefore, it is a family based choice (Kimura, 1998). Death and Dying Rituals in the Japanese Culture A Japanese funeral includes a wake, the cremation of the deceased, a burial in a family grave, and a periodic memorial service. According to statistics, 99.82% of all deceased Japanese are cremated. While the ashes of many are buried in family graves, the scattering of ashes has become more common in recent years, including a burial at sea (Wakabayashi Sekiguchi, 2011). Many funeral services are carried out in the form of Buddhist ceremonies. After a person has died, their lips are moistened with water, in a ceremony referred to as Matsugo-no-mizu Water of the last moment (Wakabayashi, Sekiguchi, 2011). The household shrine is closed and covered with a white paper, to keep out impure spirits. This process is known as Kamidana-fuji. A small table placed beside the deceaseds bed is also decorated with flowers, incense, and a candle. A knife may placed on the chest of the deceased to drive away evil spirit (Wakabayashi Sekiguchi, 2011). Funeral arrangements are made and the body is washed and the orifices are blocked with cotton or gauze. The funeral clothing will consist of either a suit for a male or a kimono if the deceased is a female. Makeup may also be applied in order to improve the appearance of the body. The body is then put on dry ice and placed inside the casket with the head positioned towards the north or west, along with a white kimono, sandals and six coins for the crossing of the River of three hells. Items which the deceased was fond of will also be placed inside the casket as well, so long as they are flammable. The casket is then placed on the altar in preparation of the wake (Nakata, 2009). Guests who attend the funeral are expected to dress in black attire. The men usually wear black suits with a white shirt and a black tie, while women wear either a black dress or a black kimono. A Buddhist prayer bead called juzu may also be carried by guests. Guests are expected to bring condolence money in a special black and silver decorated envelope. At the funeral, the guests will be seated, with the next of kin closest to the front. The Buddhist priest will read a sutra. The family members will each in turn offer incense three times to the incense urn in front of the deceased. The closest relatives may stay and keep vigil with the deceased overnight in the same room (Nakata, 2009). Japanese funerals are usually performed on the day following the wake. The funeral service is similar to that of the wake service, the difference being that during the funeral service, the deceased will receive a new Buddhist name to prevent the return of the deceased if their name is called. At the end of the ceremony, flowers may be placed inside the casket before it is sealed and carried to an elaborately decorated hearse where it is transported to the crematorium. In some regions of Japan, the casket may be nailed shut by mourners using a stone (Wakabayashi Sekiguchi, 2011). Once the casket has arrived at the crematorium, the family witnesses the sliding of the body into the cremation chamber, then leave. After the cremation process is complete, the family returns to pick the bones out of the ashes and transfer them to an urn using chopsticks. In some instances, two family members will hold the same bone at the same time with their chopsticks or pass the bones from chopsticks to chopsticks. According to Japanese custom, this is the only time when it is proper for two people to hold the same item at the same time with chopsticks. The bones are picked up and transferred to the urn in a manner which ensures that the deceased is not placed upside down in the urn. Therefore the bones of the feet are picked up first, the bones of the head last (Nakata, 2009). A typical Japanese grave is usually a family grave consisting of a stone monument with a place for flowers, incense, and water in front of the monument and a chamber underneath for the ashes. The date of the formation of the grave and the name of the person who purchased it may be engraved on the side of the monument. The names of the deceased may or may not be engraved on the front or left side of the monument or on a separate stone in front of the grave Nakata, 2009). The Japanese honor the dead with shrines in their homes and tending to the gravesite (Dennis, 2009). During three days in August, the Japanese Buddhist celebrate at The Bons Festival in honor of the departed spirits of ones’ ancestors (Dennis, 2009). Until the early twentieth century most bodies were buried and cremation was limited to the wealthy. Cremation became more common after World War II due to its efficiency and cleanliness. In 2009, 99.9% of Japanese bodies were cremated, and some local governments ban burials (Wakabayashi Sekiguchi, 2011). Conclusion I learned a lot about the Japanese culture while researching my paper. One of the things that I found surprising was that the majority of Japanese bodies are cremated. The similarities that I found between the American and the Japanese culture are that both cultures were black to funerals. In both cultures items that are valuable are placed in the caskets and funerals are followed by the wake. While cremation is popular in Japan, I was surprised to learn that cremation is on the rise in the United States; however, not everyone approves of it (Dennis, 2009). References Akabayashi A (1997). Japans parliament passes brain death law. The Lancet, 349 (9069). Retrieved from http://www.lancet.com. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)63895-0. Bagheri A. (2003). A criticism of brain death policy in Japan. Kennedy Institute of Ethics Journal 13 (4), 359-372. Dennis, D. (2009) Living, Dying, Grieving. Sandbury, MA: Jones and Barlett Publislhers. Japan Ministry of Health Labor and Welfare, The law concerning human organ transplants The law no. 104 1997. Translation 1999. Kimura R. (1998). Death, dying and advance directives in Japan: socio†cultural and legal points of view. In: Sass HM, Veatch RM, Rihito K, eds. Advance directives and surrogate decision making in health care. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Lock M. (1996). Deadly dispute: ideologies and brain death in Japan. In: Stuart J, Youngner Laurence J, OConnell Renee C, eds. Organ transplantation meaning and realities. Fox. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press. Morioka M. (2001). Reconsidering brain death: a lesson from Japans fifteen years experience. Hastings Center Report 31, (4), 41-46. Nakata, H. (2009). The Japan Times. Japan’s funerals deep-rotted mix of ritual, form. Retrieved from http://www.japantimes.co.jp/text/nn20090728i1.html. Wakabayashi, D., Sekiguchi, T. (2011). After Flood, Deaths Overpower Ritual. Wall Street Journal.